Tartary map 1775. G.v.nosovsky, a.t.fomenko new chronology of Russia. No facts - there was no Directive

The question arises. Where did this huge state go?
One has only to ask the question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that UP TO THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY THERE WAS A GIANT STATE.

Since XIX centuryhe was expelled from the worldstories. They pretended it never existed. As the maps of XVIIIcentury, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.
But at the end of the eighteenthcenturythe situation changes dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, the troops of the United States entered for the first time. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, the huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters "Great Tartaria" or "Moscow Tartaria".

What happened at the end of the XVIII century? After all that we have learned aboutstoriesRussia-Horde, the answer is apparently clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Western Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.

Known warwith Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as they explain to us today. It was the real bigwarRomanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartaria. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.

It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk, THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde just wouldn't let them in.
And only after that the United States for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs apparently did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia.
But in the end they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly.
Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the huge territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.

Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. century. It is amazing that this "feast of the winners" was completely erased from the pages of textbooks.stories. In fact, it never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.
By the way, Encyclopædia Britannica reports that in the XVIIIcenturythere was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand. As we now understand, it was another huge fragment of the Great Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries.
Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the XIXcentury. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. It was bloody.
The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name of Central Asia. The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868. Allwarlasted four years, 1864-1868.

The case of Emelyan Pugachev, according to A.S. Pushkin, was considered an IMPORTANT STATE SECRET, and was never printed during the time of A.S. Pushkin, in 1833, when he wrote about it. Here it is appropriate to recall that A.S. Pushkin wrote the "History of Pugachev". In which, as he writes, "collected everything that was published by the government regarding Pugachev, and what seemed to me reliable in foreign writers who spoke about him."
However, A.S. Pushkin only had enough materials for a relatively small work. His "History of Pugachev" occupies only 36 pages in the publication. At the same time, A.S. Pushkin himself, apparently, was aware that his work was very incomplete. Although he tried to find everything possible. A.S. Pushkin writes: "The future historian, who WILL BE ALLOWED TO PRINT THE CASE OF PUGACHEV, will easily correct and supplement my work"
The case is still classified.
THE GOVERNMENT PROHIBITED EVEN MENTION THE NAME OF PUGACHEV. The Zimoveyskaya village, where he was born, was RENAMED to Potemkinskaya, the YAIK RIVER - TO THE URAL. YAITSK COSSACKS BECAME REFERRED TO URAL COSSACKS. THE VOLGA COSSACK ARMY WAS DISSOLVED. WAS LIQUIDATED ZAPORIZHIA SICH. BY ORDER OF THE EMPRESS, ALL EVENTS OF THE PEASANT WAR WAS SUPPOSED TO "ETERNAL OBLIGATION AND DEEP SILENCE.

Today we do not know the true name of the Tobolsk tsar-khan-ataman of that time and the true name of the leader of the Russian-Horde troops. The name Pugachev was probably just invented by Romanov historians. Or a simple Cossack with such a meaningful name was picked up. After all, it is impossible not to see that "Pugachev" is just a "pugach", a "scarecrow".
In the same way, the Romanovs chose a "suitable surname" for Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich. Allegedly, also an "imposter", as they diligently portrayed it. He was given the "surname" OTREPIEV, that is, simply SCAM. Like, that's who encroached on royal power. Thief, scum, scarecrow. The purpose is perfectly clear. Develop a negative attitude towards these people. Emphasize the "obviousness" of their "imposture". All this is an understandable psychological device of experienced propagandists.

As the maps of XVIII century, the border of Moscow Tartaria passed very close to Moscow. It is not surprising that such a dangerous neighborhood worried the occupiers of the Romanovs very much.
That is why Peter I made the only right decision in such a situation - to move the capital away, to the swampy shores of the Gulf of Finland. Here, on his orders, they built a new capital - Petersburg. This location was convenient for the Romanovs in several respects.
Firstly, now the capital was far from the Horde Moscow Tartaria. And it was harder to get here. In addition, if the Siberian-American Horde attacks, then it is much easier to escape from Petersburg to the West than fromMoscow.

Note that for some reason they were not afraid of attacks by sea FROM THE WEST. In St. Petersburg, it is enough to board a ship standing at the threshold of the royal palace and quickly sail to Western Europe. That is, to the historical homeland of the pro-Western house of the Romanovs.
Now it becomes clear why Yermak never conquered Siberia!

This engraving depicts mass executions of Cossacks.

Well, firstly, it's incredibly interesting and informative, and secondly, it's a story. REAL. Our. Somehow disappeared.

The topic of TARTARIA interested me after the message:

From September 11 to October 20, 2013 the Russian Geographical Society and the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art present the exhibition Cartographic ROSSIKA: Collection of Maps of the Russian Geographical Society. More than 70 unique maps of the 16th - 19th centuries from the private collection of Alisher Usmanov, a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society, donated to the Society, will be shown to the general public for the first time.

In the visual arts, the term"ROSSIKA"call the work of foreign masters or artists made in Russia. In this case, we are talking about maps of Russia made by foreign cartographers. Over 70 unique cards XVI - XIX centuries from the private collection of Alisher Usmanov, a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society, donated to the Society, will be shown to the general public for the first time.

“This collection is dominated by maps of the southern regions of our country. The earliest of them is dated 1495, the newest belongs to the beginning of the 19th century. You can’t take your eyes off the old maps, they are perfect in their aesthetics. Here is a documentary fixation of geographical information, and knowledge about the science and nature of bygone eras conveyed with great artistic taste. The pearl of the collection is the Russian Atlas, consisting of nineteen special maps. This edition, published in 1745, is not rare in itself, but its safety, printing, printing, binding and brightness of colors are huge rarities. I have never held such a publication in my hands before,” comments Andrey Kusakin, an expert in evaluating the authenticity of maps.

Ancient ideas about Russia. The maps of Sarmatia (the European part of Russia), Tartaria (the collective name of the modern southern and Siberian borders of Russia), Borysthenes (Dnepr) and Taurus (Crimea), Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) and Meotida (Sea of ​​Azov) are collected. Of particular interest are the maps made on the basis of Claudius Ptolemy's Geography Manual. This is one of the first gazetteers used by many famous cartographers - Gerard Mercator, Martin Waldseemüller and Sebastian Münster.

The reign of Ivan the Terrible, Time of Troubles and the First Romanovs. In the history of cartography in Russia, this period manifested itself especially clearly. The conquest of Kazan, the Livonian War, the development of Siberia and the Time of Troubles opened Russia to the West. European cartographers compiled maps based on old Russian drawings, according to merchants and travelers. The section presents a collection of maps of Moscow, including the plan of the Austrian diplomat Sigismund von Herberstein, the author of the famous notes on Muscovy, and the legendary “Map of Godunov.

Time of the Russian Empire. The maps reflect the activities of Peter the Great and his descendants - the Northern War, the foundation of St. Petersburg, the exploration of Siberia. Many cards are already of Russian origin. Their compilers are foreign scientists who in the first half of the 18th century formed the composition of the Academy of Sciences. Their cards were used for the needs of the Russian Empire, but many were illegally exported abroad. The exhibition will feature originals and foreign reprints of "Russian" maps. It is believed that during this period the formation of domestic cartography takes place. The concepts of Muscovy and Tartaria are fading into the past, the image of Russia is gradually emerging.

"Cartographic ROSSIKA: a collection of maps of the Russian Geographical Society" is the first joint project of the Russian Geographical Society and the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art.

Tartaria is not only facts. Part 1

As a result of another ban or, conversely, the publication of new evidence, as was the case with the exhibition of the Russian Geographical Society, most people develop a chaotic-temporal about It is the perception of all these facts and events that do not form a complete mosaic. Sophisticated manipulation of disparate information on the Internet, the lack of truthful analytical material in textbooks and academic works further exacerbates the situation. At the moment, there are good collections of materials, but again at the level of facts. On the Internet, you can find dozens and even hundreds (a collection of 320 maps http://www.kramola.info/books/letopisi-proshlogo/kollekcija-kart-tartarii) of medieval maps from various publishers and countries, where both Great Tartaria and the provinces included in it are indicated. This topic is explored in most detail in a series of articles on the site http://www.kramola.info and on the site: http://www.peshera.org/khrono/khrono-08.html. I will try not to repeat too much the facts given there (there will also be plenty of new facts), but to focus more on analytics. Because, the time has come to directly indicate who, where and when had a hand in distorting and hushing up real information regarding Tartaria.

But for those who once again want to create another film about Tartaria, I would like to advise you to start it with such shots as presented in the video “Vladimir Putin knows about Tartaria” ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrIDZK8gSfA) and then let the leaders of VKontakte try to block (“ban”) the Russian president. By the way, let's once again demonstrate the map that is shown on the video to Vladimir Putin at the Russian Geographical Society:

Fig.1 ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP OF SIBERIA from the “DRAWING BOOK OF SIBERIA” by S. U. Remezov. Sheet 23.

We note in particular that "DRAWING BOOK OF SIBERIA" S. U. Remezova - the first Russian geographical atlas that summarized the results of Russian geographical discoveries of the 17th century. The distribution map of the peoples of Siberia and neighboring regions, included in the atlas, was compiled on the basis of an earlier one, created in Tobolsk in 1673 by the Metropolitan of Siberia, Cornelius. But, as Prof. A.I. Andreev ( 1939), most likely, the drawing was completed at the end of 1700, when Remizov became aware of the “fairy tale” of Vl. The map shows inscriptions and different colors ethnic groups and ethnic groups in the places of their settlement in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. An important feature of this map is that ethnic boundaries are drawn on it (rather schematically and inaccurately) ... An important feature of the map is its execution in Russian, where the inscription "Great Tartaria" is clearly distinguished, which in itself is a rarity, t .to. such maps in Russian in the 18th century, as a rule, were destroyed, in which G.F. Miller especially tried. And the Drawing Book of Siberia was lucky when it was destroyed, because. for G.F. Miller did not know the atlas. As noted by L.A. Goldenberg in the book "Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov" ( 1965), the absence of any direct news about the fate of the Remezov atlas for 1730-1764. is filled with various conjectures, which, like any other scientific assumptions, have their supporters and opponents. The most common opinion expressed by A.I. Andreev that the “Service Book” was presented to the queen after being confiscated from V.Ya., who was executed in 1764. Mirovich, the son of one of the Mirovich brothers, exiled to Tobolsk in 1732 on the case of their father, an associate of Mazepa. One of them, P.F. Mirovich, historian G.F. Miller acquired a manuscript in Tobolsk Remezov Chronicle(it had to be redeemed for a reasonable price in 1734 under the "strong influence" of the Siberian governor A.L. Pleshcheev on the disgraced owner of the manuscript, "who had no desire to part with it"); it is possible that the Mirovichi were the owners of other works by Remezov. On the one hand, the public fact of the acquisition by G.F. Miller Remezov Chronicle also saved her from destruction. But, on the other hand, G.F. Miller figured out how to hide it from publication. At first, he went for an imperceptible trick: he began to place data from the category of historical rubbish and gossip in the sheets of his Siberian History, prepared for reading by academicians (1749), at the same time offering to publish the entire material in its entirety. And academicians, incl. Lomonosov, "pecked" on this trick of his. Hence came the comments written by Lomonosov about "the gunner Voroshilka, who was sent to taste the brine", etc., known to historians as "Remarks on chapters 6 and 7 of G.F. Miller's Siberian History". This is where the well-known opinion of Lomonosov comes from that in the works of Miller "a lot of wasteland and often annoying and reprehensible for Russia"; that he “in his writings, according to his custom, instills arrogant speeches, most of all he looks out for spots on the clothes of the Russian body, going through many of its true decorations.” As a result of this Miller 's trick , the academicians flatly refused to publish the Remezov Chronicle and other materials . As a result, instead of the original source, a hypertrophied product was obtained in the “Siberian History” by G.F. Miller, translated twice: first from Russian into German, and then from German again into Russian. But the main thing that Miller strove for and achieved with this seemingly harmless cunning is that evidence from the annalistic and cartographic heritage of the Remizovs was hidden for many years, in which it is fixed in Russian letters (without any interpretations about the rules for translations from other languages) Great Tartaria, which Miller then turned into Tataria. And many peoples who lived on its territory received an additional prefix "Tatars" from him. Therefore, the first edition was only in 1882. A facsimile edition of the atlas was prepared for publication by L. S. Bagrov (1958). Also in 1958, the earliest atlas of S. U. Remezov was introduced into scientific circulation - "Chorographic Drawing Book". But, published abroad, it remains little known to the reader. L. S. Bagrov believed that S. U. Remezov meant chorography (description of land) by “chorography”, and therefore he called this atlas “Chorographic book”. Most researchers have adopted this name. The Remezovs left behind another valuable monument of cartography of the 17th-early 18th centuries. — "Service Drawing Book". This collection of drawings and manuscripts includes copies of "city" drawings of 1696-1699, early drawings of Kamchatka in 1700-1713. and other drawings of the late 17th-early 18th centuries. 45

So three years ago Drawing book of Siberia by S.U. Remezov was republished by modern printing means and is available in almost all regional libraries in Russia, though in special departments. The remaining two drawing books by S.U. Remizov remain inaccessible to a wide range of researchers.

We note in particular that the sophisticated Lovkachev know-how of G. Miller in a relationship Remizov Chronicle(which is still practically inaccessible to researchers) was adopted many generations those who tried to distort and silence our true past, incl. and in our days.

This, by the way, fully applies to the recent lawsuit over the collection of articles by N.V. Levashov "The Possibilities of the Mind", as a result of which the collection was included in the federal list of extremist materials. Moreover, in the study on the basis of which the court decision was made, there were indicated not all articles containing so-called "extremist phrases", but only five. But the entire collection (13 articles) was recognized as extremist material, including articles such as Drought, Who Needed a Dark Matter Room, Taming of the Shrews, etc., in which the scientific paradigm and natural phenomena are analyzed. (www.kramola .info)

As you can see, this is Miller's strategy in action.

But, an example from Remizov Chronicle naturally not unique. For 300 years they have been skillfully blocking (“banning”) the famous work of Nikolaas Witsen

Why Nikolaas Witsen has been blocked for 300 years

Let's start with the events of 2.5 years ago. September 20, 2011 in the Main building of the Russian National Library (RNL) there was a presentation of the book of the Amsterdam burgomaster Nicholas Witsen "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" in three volumes(3rd volume of the publication contains introductory articles and indexes: geographical, subject and index of ethnonyms) . The original monograph in Dutch dates from 1705. The book has been prepared by Russian and Dutch researchers and is only now available in Russian. Amsterdam publishing house "Pegasus" is free sent the book to Russian libraries. In some regions (up to Sakhalin) there were presentations of this book, and although they noted the innovation and uniqueness of the work, they passed like a carbon copy with comments such as “ Why Tartaria? So in the time of Witsen they called the territory of Inner Eurasia, that is, the land of the Tatars, nomadic peoples and others living there". It is immediately noticeable that such comments are blanks, and their authors, most likely, have not read Witsen's 3-volume book, are not familiar with the maps that are given in it .. A more detailed story about past presentations in 2011:
http://via-midgard.info/news/video/15999-severnaya...aya-tartariya-n-vitsena-v.html

And what is the result? The long-term work of Dutch and Russian scientists, in the end, ended up in special departments of libraries, and everything was quietly done so that the information would not be distributed to a wide range of readers, who could have a lot of burning questions. But the third - reference - volume was also accompanied by a CD, which contains: not only a Russian translation, but also the original book in the Dutch language (according to the edition of 1705), a reproduction of the Great Map of Tartaria by N. Witsen (1687) and other scientific research materials. Was it difficult to make ready-made electronic materials open for wide access? On the contrary, a disc (having appropriate degrees of copy protection) can be issued for viewing to readers only with the 3rd volume of the book and only in the reading rooms of libraries. But on the other hand, a series of articles and links appeared on the media space, where the emphasis was placed on the fact that Witsen's book and map have gross errors and inaccuracies (according to modern ideas!). In this regard, I would like to ask a question to such researchers and hacks: can they bring at least one book or map of the 17th-18th centuries related to Asia, where there would be no errors according to modern ideas? There are practically no such books and maps, and there is a set of well-known objective and subjective reasons for this. Let me give you a very illustrative example:

the coast of Sakhalin, its southern part, almost until the 19th century, was not indicated at all on the maps. The outlines of Japan, Kamchatka and Chukotka had long been quite clearly marked, the Kuril and Aleutian Islands were mapped, the study of the North American coast was in full swing, but the closer Sakhalin, as before, continued to be indicated on the maps as a rather small island in a very far away from Japan. For example, I cite a French map of Asia in 1791.

Fig 2. French map of Asia in 1791.

Please note that Sakhalin is almost the same distance from Japan as Kamchatka.

For some time, the materials of the above disk were posted on the website of the program of the Khanty-Masiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra - "Electronic Yugra": file://localhost/G:/index.htm. But even there, in the end, access was closed. Illustrations for the book can be viewed at:

And here is another interesting observation. In the electronic fund of the National Library of Russia, I managed to look through more than one hundred maps (including several dozen maps related to the mention of Tartaria), but only one could not be seen in the public domain ( Sorry, page viewing is available only from an authorized Virtual Reading Room, Internet classes of which are presented only in St. Petersburg ) is one of N. Witsen's maps: Witsen, Nicolaes. Nueuwe Lantkaarte van het Noorder en Oofter deel van Asia en Europa. Strekkende van Nova Zemla tot China. Aldus Getekent, Beschreven, in Kaart gebragt en uytgegen. Sedert cen Nauwkreurig ondersoek van meer asl twintig Iaaren door Nicolaes Witsen. - Anno: 1687.

So, there is obviously a certain taboo over the works of N. Witsen in scientific circles. Well, for those who wish to view in high quality the main map of N. Witsen from 3 volumes, I can give a link: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Witsen_-_Tartaria.jpg

And now about what happened to the manuscript Nicholas Witsen 3 centuries ago. As noted above, it was published by order of the magistrate of the city of Amsterdam in 1705, but for some reason the main edition of this book disappeared after publication. In scientific circles there were separate copies. The main version is that the entire circulation was bought by Peter I. There is no evidence, as always, in other matters, as well as solid refutation. This 2nd edition of the manuscript was dedicated personally to Peter I (in the beginning, the dedication was addressed to the two rulers Alexei and Peter). Witsen considered Peter I his personal friend and in 1697-1698. he hosted him during the stay of the Grand Embassy in the Netherlands. Let's try to figure out who was so disturbed by the fact that the first serious and multilateral scientific research, which covered the largest territory in the world, was so disturbing.

What is hidden in the name "Northern and Eastern Tartaria"

Let's start with the well-known studies of A.T. Fomenko, G.V. Nosovsky and N.V. Levashov and other authors concerning the first edition Encyclopædia Britannica 1771, which for a long time was practically inaccessible, until at the end of the 20th century its photographic reproduction was printed in an extremely limited edition in England, exactly down to the specks on paper, repeating the original (N.V. Levashov’s collection had a personal copy that he showed when meeting readers). The bottom line in research is that in this 1st ed. Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771 described a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes.

The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartary. (Great Tartary) and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (Chinese Tartary)[please do not confuse with China (China)]. To the south of Great Tartaria was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary)[Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartaria. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire)(modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary

And now let's turn to N. Witsen's manuscript, written almost 100 years earlier (Witsen began to study Muscovy since 1665, when he was part of the Dutch embassy). Almost all the same huge territory of Euro-Asia is called by N. Witsen "Northern and Eastern Tartaria". Can there be a North without a South, and an East without a West? And where then are the South and West Tartaria? According to the Slavic-Aryan Vedic sources, the Slavic-Aryan Empire used to occupy almost all of Eurasia (Asia). Therefore, not only the Mogul Empire, but also Persia (Perun Russia) and the rest of India can be conditionally assigned to South Tartaria. So in the Slavic-Aryan Vedas two trips to India are described. First Aryan Hike to Dravidia in Summer 2817 from S.M.Z.H. or 2692 BC (4706 years ago in 2014), when the priestesses of the Black Mother were expelled from Dravidia. Then, as noted Nikolai Levashov, experiments began to be carried out on mixing the white and black races, which had a not entirely successful continuation and a return to the former cult of the Black Mother - Kali-Ma, already a gray subrace. Therefore, the development of these events led to the fact that in Summer 3503 from S.M.Z.Kh. (2006 BC) took place second trip to Dravidia, which was headed by Khan Uman - the High Priest of the cult Goddess Tara(A well-known version of the formation of the name: Tarkh + Tara - Tarkhtaria - Tartaria). And again, the supporters of the Dark Forces, represented by the followers of the cult of Kali-Ma - the Black Mother, were defeated. But, after this campaign, part of the Slavic-Aryans settled in India (Dravidia), which is reflected in the surviving genotypes (haplogroup R1A), which is confirmed by numerous scientific studies of DNA genealogy.

And here is another interesting observation. If we turn again to ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP OF SIBERIA from the “DRAWING BOOK OF SIBERIA” by S. U. Remezov (Fig. 1), then you can find a strange, at first glance, designation of the Lands White, Yellow and Black Mongals.

Fig.3 Part ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP OF SIBERIA from the “DRAWING BOOK OF SIBERIA” by S. U. Remezov

White mungals(Mongals, Mughals) were from the so-called. "Old", "Ancient" or "True" Tartaria ("World Geography" by Dabville, "World History" by Dionysius Petavius), which corresponds to the modern region of Kolyma and Yakutia, where once two rivers had the name Tartar and Mongul:

Yellow mungals - also in distant times they came from a mixture of white and yellow races. Based on them, a strip of buffer territorial formations and states was formed (beginning with Chinese Tartaria and up to the Urals), which received the unifying name Great Turan (or simply Turan). This is mentioned in sufficient detail in Oleg Gusev's book "Ancient Russia and the Great Turan". And here is Tatishchev’s map, which shows the Turan kingdom beyond the Urals:

Fig.5. Borrowed from Leo Bagrov's book "The History of Russian Cartography", Moscow, Tsentropoligraf, 2005, p.381

Well, finally, Black mungals(Mongals, Mughals) appeared, as we discussed above, after two Slavic-Aryan campaigns in India (Dravidia). N. Witsen's map also shows the area of ​​Mugalia Nigra, which is the closest to Mogolis Imperii.

Note that the map of N. Witsen and the Ethnographic map of Siberia from the "DRAWING BOOK OF SIBERIA" by S. U. Remezov were created at the end of the 17th century. It was at this time that the first racial classifications of peoples began to appear. And then the scientific minds did everything to finally confuse everything. I. Kant had the Hunnic (Mungal or Kalmyk race, to which he included the Americans) in the classification, J.-L. de Buffon Tatar or Mongolian race. The term "Mongoloid race" was first used by Christoph Meiners in the "binary racial scheme". His "two races", called "Tatar-Caucasians", included the Celtic and Slavic groups, as well as the "Mongols". And as a result, the original concepts were shaded and erased. For a long time in the description of races and nationalities began to prevail phenotype. But even here, not everything is so simple, over time (in several centuries) phenotypes could change significantly .. Pay attention to one of the illustrations from Witsen's book: how different they are from modern ideas, for example, in relation to the Yakuts or Kirghiz.

And only in the last decade, scientists have come close to turning to genotype(DNA genealogy). The arguments become even more convincing when the results of DNA genealogy are combined with archaeological excavations. The journal Nature, November 20, 2013, published the results of a study carried out by an international team of geneticists led by Eske Willerslev (Raghavan et al., 2013). According to the model of the bone of one of the children (as it turned out, a 4-year-old boy) from a double Upper Paleolithic burial on parking lot Malta in the Irkutsk region. antiquity 24 thousand years the genome of the individual has been sequenced. it the oldest of all known genomes of a representative of the species Homo sapiens. Scientists have extracted genetic material from the bone of the hand of a 4-year-old boy buried next to the figurine of polyatic Venus, the same type as those that were also found in Kostenki (Voronezh region) and on the island of Malta.

As a result of comparison with the DNA of modern people, it turned out that one part of the ancient genome was found in Western Europeans, and the other part in Native Americans. The human genome found in the region of the village of Malta is called the base, and the ancestral home of mankind, as the researchers note, must be sought in Siberia. And what is most interesting: this very village of Malta in the Irkutsk region. is located approximately in the area where on the Ethnographic map of Siberia by S.U. Remizov (Fig. 1) conditionally showing "white", "yellow" and "black" mungals, and N. Witsen MUGALIAFLAVA .

Now let's consider where the alleged "Western" Tartaria should have been located.

First of all, Muscovy suggests itself, surrounded by Tartaria and its Tartar provinces from the east and south. In a broader view, this is Sarmatia, but, according to modern ideas, it was located from the Black and Azov Seas to the Baltic Sea, as shown on the map from the RNB funds (in some sources it was designated as European Sarmatia):

Fig.6 Sarmatiae huius civitates. - S.I.: [second quarter. 16th century]. - 1 sheet: Engraving; 25x22x33 (30x40) from the funds of the National Library of Russia.

It is no coincidence that the Poles chronicler Jan Dlugosz and professor at Krakow University Matvey Mekhovsky popularized abroad the myth of Sarmatism, according to which the Polish gentry are the descendants of the ancient Sarmatians. Among other things Matvey Mekhovsky in his work "Treatise on two Sarmatians" (1517) calls the inhabitants of Muscovy "Muscovites" and while recognizing that “speech is everywhere Russian or Slavic”, nevertheless separates them from "ruten" (Russian)- such a scheme was subsequently adopted and took root in the Polish-Lithuanian journalism. It is also considered that term « Tatar yoke » (not found in Russian chronicles) by these two authors("iugum barbarum", "iugum servitutis - Jan Długosz in 1479). The Treatise on the Two Sarmatians was reprinted many times in the 16th century and was one of the main sources for the study of Russia in Western Europe, at the same time it was translated from Latin into many European languages, including German, Italian, and Polish.

As noted on Wikipedia, Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis(“A Treatise on the Two Sarmatians”) was considered in the West the first detailed geographical and ethnographic description of Eastern Europe between the Vistula and the Don on the one hand and between the Don and the meridian of the Caspian Sea on the other, and was written on the basis of the stories of Poles and foreigners in general who had been there, and also Russian people who came to Poland. Fully understanding this significance of his work, in the preface the author wrote:

“The southern regions and the seaside peoples as far as India were discovered by the king of Portugal. May the northern regions with the peoples living near the Northern Ocean to the east, discovered by the troops of the Polish king, now become known to the world.

That is, it is clearly seen how the provinces with the Catholic confession that have recently broken away from Scythia (Tartaria) are already beginning to interpret their history. As a result, the idea of ​​the so-called. Tatar yoke, and “the west begins to open the east” and rename geographical and historical concepts (there is no need to consider numerous evidence of the origin of the Sarmatians from the Scythians in this case). But is it the Tatar yoke? Jan Dlugosz mentions "iugum barbarum", "iugum servitutis. Mekhovsky's Russian translation is useful to watch without (c). Therefore, I cite part of the material of his treatise in Latin, where it is written quite definitely about Tartaria and tartar:

Libri primi. Tractatus tertius. De successiva Thartarorum per familias propagatione

Mathias de Miechow

Capitulum primum. De Thurcis.

In praecedenti tractatu disgressivo diximus de quibusdam nationibus ante adventum Thartarorum Sarmatiam Asianam seu Scythiam per tempora et tempora inhabitantibus, scilicet de Amazonibus, de Scythis, de Gotthis et Iuhris seu Hugnis. Con[s. 165] sequenter dicemus de validis gentibus ex Thartaris Czahadaiensibus originaliter disseminatis, quales sunt Thurci, Vlani seu Thartari Przekopenses et Thartari Kosanenses, item Thartari Nohaienses, et primo de Thurcis pauca dicamus.

On this topic, I would especially like to note the research of the outstanding Russian scientist N.A. Morozov, which was published in volume 8 (“A new look at the history of the Russian state”) of his fundamental work “Christ”. In chapter IV (part 3) "Tatar yoke in Polish chronicles and in the most authoritative of the latest foreign writings," he exposes not only the most thorough Chronicle of the Krakow canon Jan Długosz, but also other later authors. And he comes to a direct and decisive conclusion:

“All this “history” of the military journey of the Mongol-Tatars from near Beijing to Venice, such a geographical and strategic absurdity that one can only be surprised, as no one has noted so far, but that the great Tatar (i.e. Tatra) commander was an English knight of the Knights Templar, eloquently testifies, even without my further evidence, that the crusader orders and the Tartar hordes were one and the same.

"A new look at the history of the Russian state" M: CRAFT + LEAN, 2000, p.434

In general, in this book by N.A. Morozov it is proved that the Tatar yoke was a German yoke. At the same time, Prussia was in Russia (i.e., a Slavic country), like Great Russia, White Russia, Little Russia. Since ancient times, the Slavs lived on the Spree River, where the city of Berlin is now located ... And the Pomor Slavs lived on the Balkan coast. Pomerania became Pomerania. And all these peoples, like a significant part of other Russian lands, ended up under the Uniate Tatar (Tatra, that is, in the Tatra Mountains) yoke as a result of the crusades, which burdened the Russian people with their fees in favor of the papal church. Here is how N.A. Morozov describes this period of the past:

After the capture of Tsar-grad by the Crusaders, all Slavic peoples in the Balkans, and with them the Principality of Kiev, adopted Uniatism. They kept it even after the recapture of Tsar-grad by the Greeks until 1480, when the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III refused, having married Sophia Paleolog and in alliance with Khan Mengli-Girey, to pay the pope, and not the Mongolian high priest, the Uniate tax with the sympathy of all his people and the national Russian clergy, who ceased to idolize the pope after the Captivity of Avignon (1305-1377) and Catholic schism (1378-1417) and remembering only Catholic requisitions and taxes.

From that moment and for this reason, the entire period of Russian Uniatism began to be called Tatra, in Russian folk pronunciation Tatar, and in Greek even "Tartar", i.e. hellish, yoke. And then began the deliberate transfer of the scene of action by the papists to Mongolia.

"A new look at the history of the Russian state" M: CRAFT + LEAN, 2000, p.476

The summer of 2014 marked the 160th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian scientist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov

THEN. Based on the analysis of numerous European, annalistic Russian and Asian sources, N.A. Morozov emphasized that the Tatra (Tatar) yoke was Christian, Catholic, German, and not hellish, Tartar, Mongolian(“coming from Turkish tribesmen in Turkestan”).

In addition, N.A. Morozov convincingly shows that the so-called. "The capital of the Golden Horde" (i.e. the Golden Order) was not " Sar ai" on the Volga (first mentioned in the annals of 1261), and Bosna Sarai (first mentioned in the annals of 1263) or in Russian Sar aevo, i.e. "Palace place". It is known that the ancient root "Sar" correlates in its meaning with the concept of "King" (SAR - the Most High), is a form of this word. Hence the well-known Saray, as the location of the king.

Well, within the framework of the topic considered in this article, for now we only highlight the concealment of previously related meanings of the words Tartar, Tatar, Tatra for the territory of the so-called. Sar matii (Sar-Mother-iya).

But that's not all. Both Scythia and Sarmatia can be seen on the territory of the Slavic-Aryan Empire, which is highlighted in yellow, on the following map of Ancient Europe:

Fig.7 Map of Ancient Europe by A. Ortelius in 1595 from N.V. Levashov’s book “The Mirror of My Soul”, part 2, p.154

Here's how to comment on this map N.V. Levashov: “There is no Roman Empire on the map of Ancient Europe, but on it ... most of the mainland is occupied by the Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the next millennium will be called the Great Tartaria! Only in ancient times, the Slavic-Aryan Empire occupied almost all of Europe, it was recently “broke off” Britannica(Great Britain), Hispania(Spain and Portugal) and Gallia(France and Italy). These countries have already separated from the unified Empire of the White Race, but the Merovingian dynasty ruled in them for some time, but this is a topic for a special discussion!

And here is how N. Witsen himself wrote about the purpose of his work in the “Pre-Notification to the Reader”:

I have chosen [to describe] the northern and eastern parts of Asia and Europe as the least explored. Knowledge about them is so vague that the borders of Tartaria are barely known in Europe by name and location. Such mighty conquerors as Genghis Khan, Tamerlane and others, who were not inferior in grandeur and military glory to Alexander or Caesar and came out of the countries of Tartaria, conquered Asia from Sina to Constantinople and in the XII century. sowed terror throughout Europe.

But the famous cartographer A. Ortelius was a countryman of N. Witsen. And therefore, it is practically impossible that Witsen could not have been unaware of this map and the atlas of Ortelius.

So that there is no doubt about this, at least briefly, we will focus on the personality of Nicholas Witsen:

Nicholas Witsen (1641-1717), a prominent statesman of the Netherlands, a descendant of an influential Dutch family, was a famous scientist, cartographer, collector, writer, merchant, diplomat and was repeatedly elected to the post of burgomaster of Amsterdam, author of an essay on the construction of ships, visited Russia in 1664- 1665 His main work "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" is the first extensive work on Siberia, on the first edition of which (1692) Witsen worked for 25 years, on the second, revised and supplemented, he worked for another 10 years (1705). As far as one can judge, an unsurpassed connoisseur of Inner Eurasia, he not only studied all the sources of information available at that time, but also collected a huge amount of up-to-date information about this region, which was still practically unknown in Western Europe. Thanks to his key position in the highest political and commercial circles of the Netherlands, Witsen managed to create an extensive network of informants in Europe, Russia and Asia, from where he received the data of interest to him. Thanks to his many acquaintances and correspondents in Europe, Russia and Asia, Witsen managed to amass a huge library of books, maps, manuscripts of unpublished travel stories, letters and reports on the world outside of Europe. He also learned a lot of useful information from oral conversations, since his house was considered "a meeting place for both Dutch and foreign inquisitive men, scientists and travelers." He proved that in 17th-century Amsterdam, which after Antwerp began to fulfill the role of European Babylon, power, money and education can be used to great advantage. Having a certain political weight and significant finances, he spent, in his words, "many thousands" of guilders and used the quid pro quo principle to the full to get any kind of information. So he received a number of unpublished manuscripts. Witsen's map was the first detailed scientific map in history to show Russian possessions in Asia. It marked the beginning of the scientific study of Siberia, and retained its significance throughout the 18th century.
The creation of maps and descriptions of exotic territories at that time pursued mainly practical goals. Maps and descriptions were required for those who dared to travel to distant lands. Witsen also collected information on twenty-six of the many languages ​​spoken in Tartary. Since these regions were poorly studied and information about them was fragmentary and random, for some languages ​​Witsen was able to give large lists of words, while for others he knew nothing or knew only a few words or expressions in them. However, Witsen collected languages ​​not only for practical reasons. Illustrations in "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" with examples of rare types of writing of the Manchus, Tungus, Mongols, Kalmyks, Georgians, as well as examples of ancient Chinese writing and cuneiform and reproduction of completely mysterious rock signs discovered in Siberia testify to his scientific curiosity.

Thus, Witsen's scientific contribution as a collector of languages ​​was quite significant, and this is truly amazing. After all, he was not a linguist, but a lawyer who served as burgomaster of Amsterdam for 13 terms. In addition, he performed other important political functions. For example, he was the manager of the East India Company.

So how lawyer by education, N. Witsen gave an unambiguously clear name to his main work: “Northern and Eastern Tartaria”. how skillful diplomat he indirectly made it clear (without violating the interpretations accepted at that time) that earlier Tartaria (Scythia, the Slavic-Aryan Empire) had wider borders to the west and east. How prominent and authoritative statesman he emphasized the important geopolitical and geographical realities of his time.

These most important accents on the personality of N. Witsen make it possible to single out another important aspect in his work “Northern and Eastern Tartaria”.

N. Witsen about Russian chronology

Let's start right away with a quote from "Pre-Notice to the Reader" :

Our maps contain many areas of the Muscovite state and are printed with the permission of His Royal Majesty, which can be seen from the letters granted to me. The first letter is dated 7196, and the second 7199 of the Russian chronology*. Muscovites are counting years from the creation of the world; 1692 according to Russian chronology - 7201. The New Year begins with them on September 1 of the old style. But in 1700, His Royal Majesty ordered to join the rest of Europe in the chronology. They show His Majesty's satisfaction with my work and encouragement to continue it. The dedication of this work of mine to His Royal Majesty was also graciously accepted.

May I be allowed to note that the description of the countries and peoples of His Majesty's subjects, fraught with many difficulties, is done in detail and with all diligence.

How much my work is valued is evidenced by the royal letter, sealed with a large state seal and dated March 30, 7202. It is written on parchment, in large letters, excellently painted and decorated with gold depicting coats of arms.

So we see what our official history is especially afraid: this is ours Russian chronology (Slavic-Aryan calendar), which was canceled by Peter I in 7208 (1700), and according to which, on September 22, 2014, the 7523rd summer from S.M.Z.Kh.
I don’t remember any historical treatise of the Middle Ages for a prominent and authoritative European statesman to make such a statement (apparently everything was destroyed and hidden, but the work of N. Witsen, who had been forgotten for a long time, was forgotten). True, N. Witsen adheres to the biblical interpretation of the chronology that existed at that time from the creation of the world. They tried to impose this interpretation of the chronology in order to hide the essence of its origin, which is connected with the central deep region of Tartaria - again with the modern Irkutsk region and Lake Baikal (Khari Sea).

In the Slavic-Aryan Vedas, the starting point of this chronology is noted: 7522 years ago, a peace treaty was concluded between the Vedic empire of our ancestors - the Great Race and the ancestors of the modern Chinese, headed then by Ahriman - the ruler of Arimia (Ancient China). The place of conclusion of this agreement, as Academician Nikolai Levashov noted in his books and articles, was located not far from modern Baikal.

In the Slavic-Aryan Vedas (Book Four, Source of Life, The Third Message) it is noted that the lands between Lake Baikal and the Yablonev Ridge were sacred to the Slavic-Aryans much earlier. In particular, it describes how the knights led by Irislav and Darislav destroyed the enemies who had previously destroyed and burned the ancient sanctuary north of the X "Aryan Sea (Lake Baikal).

It should be noted that the Jews themselves did not accept such an interpretation of the reckoning (otherwise, the entire chronology of biblical stories would have to be rewritten again). And so historians have done everything to exclude him from our memory. But in Russia, references to the biblical Old Testament line in the origin of the Slavs in the 18th century still took place. So in 1722. book was published Mavro Orbini "Historiography" of the Slavs. BUT in 1773, "Three discourses on the three most important Russian antiquities" (1757) by the first Russian academician V. K. Trediakovsky were published.

Thus, it turns out that 1747 years before the time of Adam and Eve (the beginning of the Jewish chronology) in the Far East there already existed a fairly highly developed Vedic empire of the Great Race, the Great Rasseniya (later - Scythia and Tartaria), since it already had an army and led a heavy a bloody war with the Great Dragon (Arimia - the future China). The symbol of this victory was a Russian warrior piercing a snake with a spear, currently known as George the Victorious.

The very existence of this ancient calendar indicates that 7.5 thousand years ago there were sciences, without which it would be impossible to draw up a calendar: astronomy, mathematics and writing.

Without knowledge of astronomy, it is impossible to determine the changes that occur in the celestial spheres. Without knowledge of mathematics, it is impossible to calculate the frequency of events. Without writing, it is impossible to keep a record of events that have a long periodicity, the memory of which can be erased and distorted.

All this is confirmed by even more ancient finds of our and foreign archaeologists on the territory of the European part of Russia and Siberia. Here are just two examples:

The first archaeological evidence of the appearance of the calendar.

At the Sungir site (Rus, the city of Vladimir, 30,000 BC), “objects of art combined with significant records of calendar and astronomical content” were found (Catalog. 1999). The finds of Sungir are brighter than other Paleolithic sites, they testify to the existence of 30,000 years BC. religion, "magic, the cult of ancestors, worship of the sun and moon, the lunar calendar" (Larichev V.E. 1997). The formation of the calendar in Russia went along with the development of knowledge in mathematics, geometry, and astronomy. In particular, the Paleo-Russians from the Sungir site already knew the "arithmetic account" (Larichev V.E. 1997).

Summary: calendar, astronomical, astrological, mathematical data were first formed by the Proto-Russians about 30,000 BC. during the heyday of the Kostenkovo-Streletskaya archaeological culture on the territory of the Russian Plain.

Summary: all this speaks of the historical depth with which the knowledge of the ancient Rus about the calendar, geometry, mathematics, astronomy, astrology and the religious mythology formed on these foundations comes to us. At the same time, as many researchers admit and many sources claim, the Old Russian calendar, built on astronomical principles, is much more accurate than the Christian one.

Summary : since ancient times, the Russian people have known a lot about the structure of time and space; this knowledge was embodied in the calendar and passed on to descendants in the form of sacred space Russian fairy tales.

Today, science knows the ancient calendar, found in 1972 by Doctor of Historical Sciences V. E. Larichev in Siberia during the excavation of the Achinsk Paleolithic settlement, whose age is approximately 18 thousand years. The calendar is a wand carved from polished mammoth tusk, with rows of depressions forming serpentine ribbons over the entire surface of the wand. The spiral pattern has 1065 holes, different in shape.

A fair conclusion follows from this - our ancestors, who lived in Siberia 18 thousand years ago, that is, long before the formation of the Sumerian, Egyptian, Persian, Hindu and Chinese civilizations, had a perfect lunisolar calendar.

Now imagine how many years our current government has been trying to form our common national idea and nothing has come of it. And it will not work until our past is “crammed” into a 1000-year-old Christian framework and until the countdown of our history will be such words:

Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia

"Our history in its legend has wonderful names: Cyril and Methodius ... they came out of the enlightened Greco-Roman world and went with a sermon to the Slavs. And who are the Slavs? These are barbarians, people who say incomprehensible things, they are second-class people ", these are almost beasts. Here enlightened men came to them and brought them the light of Christ's truth; they created the Slavic alphabet, grammar, the Slavic language, and translated the word of God into this language"

MY PERSONAL EXPLANATION AND OPINION TO THE ABOVE PARAGRAPH:

Well, that's definitely a lie! This is an attempt to oppose neo-Slavism and Christianity, although there are no contradictions here either - this is simply a continuation of our history!

That's not what he said! He did not call the Slavs barbarians, but vice versa! I personally heard this speech of the PATRIARCH (find it yourself or here http://rb-petr.livejournal.com/12046.html see

The full quote looks like this: "The Orthodox Church preserves in its history, in its Tradition, the wonderful names of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius. In a sense, we are the Church of Cyril and Methodius. They came out of the enlightened Greco-Roman world and went preaching to the Slavs. And who were the Slavs? They were barbarians, people speaking an incomprehensible language, they were second-class people, they were almost beasts. And enlightened men went to them, brought them the light of Christ's truth and did something very important - they began to talk with these barbarians in their language, they created the Slavic alphabet, Slavic grammar and translated the Word of God into this language. This tradition lives so deeply in our Church that for us all peoples are equal, there are no barbarians among them. Because for someone we were once barbarians, although in fact we never were barbarians. "

Well, in continuation of today's post about Batu's campaign against Russia I will also give you some historical information-a riddle.

More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, and so on.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

Here is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was alive, very many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."

For the first time, Tartaria was openly announced on the Russian-language Internet Nikolai Levashov in the second part of his article “The Hushed History of Russia”, published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here is what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia by the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopædia Britannica Britannica, 1771 edition

Article about Tartaria in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1771

A map of Europe from the first, yet uncorrected edition of Britannica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria

Map of Tartaria in the third volume of the first edition of Britannica, 1771

“As follows from the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there was a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (FROMhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartaria. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.

Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

Article on Tartaria in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) (Muscovy company)

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy company) - An English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

The main population of this vast expanse were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as "Tatars". Until the middle of the XVII century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islamic (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (in particular, the Nestorian persuasion).

The Turkic Khaganate became the first state formation on the entire territory of Great Tartaria. After the collapse of a single kaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has a fairly ancient history). By tradition, the Russians continued to call Tatars the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a settled way of life and their isolation in separate states, ethnic groups were formed: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartaria began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the "Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all ended up under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartaria".

At present, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar ASSR).

Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartaria

french map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartary or "The Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartaria (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

ethnographic map Remezov.

Map Great Tartary 1706.

This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartaria (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia by map Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartaria, 1814.

Tartaria De Lily 1706

Map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica), 1697.

Nicholas Witsen - Map Tartaria, not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartary Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius)

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

The atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (FROMhinese Tartary) .

Tartaria on the Dutch map of Asia 1595

Image of the earth's globe (author's right - associate Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection

And here is the last map, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

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According to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, almost all of Siberia formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with the capital in Tobolsk. At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. The question arises: where did this huge state go?
One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be rethought, showing that until the end of the 18th century, a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia, which since the 19th century was excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed...

1754 map "I-e Carte de l'Asie". where the Great Tartaria
.

Map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica for 1771. Where the territory with all the TarkhTarias is signed as Russian Empire.

Here is the "L'Asie" map, 1690, which shows Tartaria Moscow(Tartaria Moscovite)

As we can see, Tarkhtaria (the Russian Empire) included Moscow Tarkhtaria, practically all of China (Chinese Tarkhtaria), Asia (modern Asia) (Independent Tarkhtaria), the Middle East (Jerusalem) and even North America. And this means that both the Chinese Wall and the Chinese pyramids were built by the Russian people.

The same is written in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, “Great Tart aria, it used to be called Scythia ... there is the largest territory in the world, which includes Siberia, Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. That is, Russia (Kievan Rus), Muscovy (Moscow Tartaria) and EUROPE were only provinces of the Great Tartaria - the RASIqoy Empire.

Great Tartaria

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

In the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there is no mention of the Russian Empire. It says that the largest country in the world, occupying almost all of Eurasia, is Great Tartary.

And the Moscow principality, where by that time the Romanovs had already been placed to rule, is only one of the provinces of this vast empire and is called Moscow Tartaria. There are also maps of Europe and Asia, on which all this is clearly visible.

And in the next edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, all this information is completely missing.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? Where did the greatest empire of our world disappear to? The empire has not disappeared. All mention of her began to quickly disappear!

Many cannot imagine that history, historical documents, annals and maps can be distorted to such an extent that the written history itself turns out to be incredibly far from the actual one. Combined with another favored method of falsification, silence, altered history becomes reality.

If we take into account that in the Middle Ages the number of educated people was generally small, and even fewer historians among them, then ... Stop, but even in Europe there was a dictate of the church, the vast majority of scientific research was either carried out by religious figures themselves, or were under their control. strict control.

In addition, there were various church orders. Maltese, Jesuit, Dominican... The strictest discipline, unquestioning execution of orders from superiors. For disobedience, at times, it was supposed to connect with Heaven through the flame of a fire, so it is unlikely that the scribe monks could deviate from the letter of the order. And in general, at that time the main type of thinking was dogma, blind faith without critical reflection.

How, you say, that all this is not enough to suggest a massive falsification of history throughout Europe and Russia? Okay, then let's get down to the facts, naked and unbiased: the geographical maps of the medieval period.

Collection of maps of Tartaria

The most complete collection of maps with the geopolitical designation of Tartaria. Has 320 cards.

What is special about them? They indicate a large country in the Eurasian space, about which we were not told a WORD either at school or at the university!

You see, there are 320 maps on this resource alone, which is far from exhausting all existing documents. More than three hundred maps showing our country, and we don’t know anything about it. And if anyone heard it, they most likely simply did not believe it.

Well, they can’t falsify or destroy ALL documents, and offer a completely false version of history! Many people think so. Alas, they can falsify and can hide. Which was successfully done by Scaliger and other Jesuits. At least Fomenko and Nosovsky are absolutely right in this!

Therefore, we are offered only a cursory glance at these documents, in which hundreds of authors showed our Motherland: TARTARIA.

P.S. By the way, the video demonstrates the impossibility of completely removing all historical documents related to a certain plot. In this case, Tartaria. Although at that time there were incomparably fewer documents than, say, in the twentieth century.

And now imagine that some ruler of a large state issued some important order, decree, directive in the middle of the last century. Moreover, we are assured that this Directive was strictly and clearly implemented. Hundreds of thousands of officials, police and military were involved in its implementation. According to the Directive, hundreds of railway trains with materials and objects necessary for its implementation were moved. Hundreds of industrial enterprises sent cargoes for the same purpose.

But not a single document has been preserved that would follow the logic of this Directive. Thousands of executive officials made estimates, issued their own directives to subordinates for the successful implementation of the Main Directive, wrote reports on the work done.

But none of this has been preserved, although all the archives have been carefully studied. Also, the text, or reliable testimonies about the existence of the Main Directive, have not been preserved.

Can you imagine that such a number of relatively recent, in comparison with the documents of the Middle Ages, written evidence was completely destroyed? Those. from the Middle Ages, after half a thousand years, something still remains, and in our time, after 50 years, nothing can be found?!

We are assured that this Directive existed. Sorry, it's hard to believe. In fact, I don't believe it at all. I believe in Tartaria, because the facts are there. But the Directive is not.

There are no facts - there was no Directive.

The information is presented on the basis of the data contained in the British Encyclopedia of 1771, on the materials and personal observations of G.K. Kasparov, the world chess champion, as well as on the materials of the book "Reconstruction of World History".

MAP OF EUROPE FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's use the fundamental Encyclopedia Britannica of the end of the 18th century. It was published in 1771, in three voluminous volumes, and is the most comprehensive collection of information from various fields of knowledge at that time. We emphasize that this work was the pinnacle of encyclopedic knowledge of the 18th century. Let's see what kind of information was recorded by the Encyclopædia Britannica in the "Geography" section. There, in particular, five geographical maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America are given. See fig.9.1, fig.9.2, fig.9.3, fig.9.4, fig.9.5.

These maps are very carefully crafted. The outlines of continents, rivers, seas, lakes, etc. are carefully depicted. Many city names have been applied. The authors of Encyclopædia Britannica are well aware, for example, of the geography of South America.

MAP OF ASIA FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's look at the map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica. See Figure 9.2. Note that the south of Siberia is divided into INDEPENDENT TATARIA in the west and CHINESE TATARIA in the east. Chinese Tartary borders China. See Figure 9.2. Below we will return to these Tatars or Tartars.

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE 1771 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAIN

Noteworthy is the ABSENCE OF ANY INFORMATION ABOUT THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. See Figure 9.4.

That is, about the part adjacent to Russia. Here, in particular, Alaska is located. We see that Europeans at the end of the 18th century had no idea about these lands. While the rest of North America was well known to them. From the point of view of our reconstruction, this most likely means that the lands of Russia-Horde were still located here at that time. And independent of the Romanovs.

In the XIX-XX centuries, we see Russian Alaska as the last remnant of these lands. But judging by the map of the 18th century, the area of ​​​​the remnants of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire in North America at that time was MUCH BIGGER. It included almost all of modern Canada, west of Hudson Bay, and part of the north of the United States. See Figure 9.4. By the way, the name Canada (or “New France”, as it says on the map) is present on the map of North America in the 18th century. But it refers only to the vicinity of large lakes in the southeast of modern Canada. That is, to the relatively small southeastern part of modern Canada. See figure 9.4.

If, as we are assured today, only “wild American Indians” lived here, these vast and rich territories would hardly have remained completely unknown to European cartographers EVEN AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY. Could the Indians have prevented European ships from sailing along the northwestern coast of America in order to understand the outlines of a large continent? Hardly. Most likely, a fairly strong state, a fragment of a huge Russia-Horde, was still located here. Which, like, by the way, Japan at that time, simply did not let Europeans into its territory, and into its territorial waters and seas.

MOSCOW TARTARY OF THE XVIII CENTURY WITH THE CAPITAL IN THE CITY OF TOBOLSK

The "Geography" section of the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the areas of these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6(0), fig.9.6 and fig.9.7.

It is very curious and unexpected that the Russian Empire of that time is considered by the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, judging by this table, AS SEVERAL DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Namely, Russia, with its capital in St. Petersburg and an area of ​​1,103,485 square miles. Then - MOSCOW TARTARY with its capital in TOBOLSK and three times the area, 3,050,000 square miles, volume 2, p.683. See Figure 9.8.

MOSCOW TARTARIA is the largest country in the world, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. All other countries are at least three times smaller than it. In addition, INDEPENDENT TARTARY with its capital in SAMARKAND is indicated, volume 2, p.683. Also named Chinese Tartaria with its capital in Chinyang (Chinuan). Their areas are 778,290 and 644,000 square miles, respectively.

The question arises: what can this mean? Doesn't this mean that before the defeat of Pugachev in 1775, all of Siberia was an independent state from the Romanovs? Or even here there were several states. The largest of which - MOSCOW Tartaria - had its capital in Siberian TOBOLSK. But then the well-known war with Pugachev was by no means the suppression of the allegedly spontaneous "peasant uprising", as we are explained today. It turns out that this was a real war of the Romanovs with the last independent fragments of Russia-Horde in the east of the Empire. ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV, THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde wouldn't let them in.

By the way, it was only after this that the Romanovs began to "arrange" on the map of Russia the names of countries, famous in the old Russian history - the provinces of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. (Details - in the book "Biblical Russia"). For example, such names as Perm and Vyatka. In fact, medieval Perm is Germany, and medieval Vyatka is Italy (hence the Vatican). These names of the old provinces of the Empire were present on the medieval Russian coat of arms. But after the split of the Romanov Empire, they began to distort and rewrite the history of Russia. In particular, it was necessary to move these names from Western Europe somewhere far away, into the wilderness. Which is what was done. But only after the victory over Pugachev. And quite quickly.

In the book "Biblical Russia", v.1, p.540, it is indicated that the Romanovs began to change the coats of arms of Russian cities and regions only in the second half of the 18th century. Basically, in 1781. As we are now beginning to understand, six years after the victory over Pugachev, the last independent Horde tsar (or commander of the tsar) of Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Siberian Tobolsk.

MOSCOW TARTARY

Above, we talked about the striking at first glance statement of the Britannica Encyclopedia of 1771, that almost all of Siberia was formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with a capital in Tobolsk, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6, fig.9.7.

At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. See above. This is depicted on many maps of the 18th century. See, for example, one of these maps in Fig.9.9, Fig.9.10, Fig.9.11. We see that Moscow Tartaria began from the middle reaches of the Volga, from Nizhny Novgorod. Thus, Moscow was very close to the border with Moscow Tartaria. The capital of Moscow Tartary is the city of Tobolsk, the name of which is underlined on this map and given in the form TOBOL. That is just like in the Bible. Recall that in the Bible Russia is called ROSH MESHEKH and FUVAL, that is, Ros, Moscow and Tobol. (See the details in the book "Biblical Russia").

The question arises: where did this huge state go? One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that until the end of the 18th century a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia. Since the 19th century, it has been excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed. As evidenced by maps of the 18th century, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.

But at the end of the 18th century, the situation changed dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, for the first time entered the troops of the newly emerged United States. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, a huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters “Great Tartaria” or “Moscow Tartaria”.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? After all that we have learned about the history of Russia-Horde, the answer seems to be clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.

THE WAR OF THE ROMANOVS WITH "PUGACHEV" IS A WAR WITH THE HUGE MOSCOW TARTARY

Apparently, the well-known war with Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as we are told today. It was a real major war of the Romanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartaria. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.

It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk (it is also the famous biblical Tubal or Tubal), - THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde just wouldn't let them in. And only after that the Americans for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs apparently did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia. But in the end they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly. Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the huge territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.

Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. It is amazing that this "feast of the victors" was completely erased from the pages of history textbooks. In fact, it never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.

By the way, the Encyclopedia Britannica reports that in the 18th century there was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand, volume 2, p.682-684. As we now understand, it was another huge "fragment" of the Great Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries. Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the 19th century. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name "Central Asia". The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868, part 3, p.309. The entire war lasted four years: 1864-1868.

Let's go back to the 18th century. Let's see how North America and Siberia were depicted on maps of the 18th century before Pugachev. That is, earlier than 1773-1775. It turns out that the western part of the North American continent is NOT SHOWN AT ALL on these maps. The European cartographers of that time SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW HOW the western half of the N American continent looked like. They didn’t even know if it connected with Siberia, or there was a strait there. Moreover, it is very strange that the American government "for some reason" did not show any interest in these neighboring lands. Although at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries this interest suddenly, out of nowhere, appeared. And it was very stormy. Is it because these lands suddenly became "no one's"? And it was necessary to hurry up in order to have time to capture them before the Romanovs. Who did the same from the West.

BEFORE PUGACHEV'S DEFEAT, EUROPEANS DIDN'T KNOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST AND NORTH-WEST OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE GIANT "WHITE SPOT" AND THE CALIFORNIA PENINSULA AS "ISLAND"

Let's turn to the maps of North America. Let's start with a map from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, which took into account the latest achievements in geographical science of that time. That is, we repeat, the very end of the XVIII century. But - BEFORE PUGACHEV. The full map is shown by us above in Figure 9.4. In Figure 9.12 we present its enlarged fragment. We see that the entire northwestern part of the North American continent, by no means only Alaska, is a huge "blank spot" overlooking the ocean. Even the coastline is not marked! Consequently, until 1771 no European ship passed along these coasts. One such pass would be sufficient to carry out at least a rough cartographic survey. And after that we are told that Russian Alaska, located in this part of North America, was allegedly subordinate to the Romanovs at that time. If this were the case, then on European maps the coastline would certainly be depicted. Instead, we see here the curious words written by European cartographers on the American "blank spot": Undiscovered lands (Parts Undiscovered). See Figure 9.12.

Let us take a slightly earlier English map, dated 1720 or later, drawn up in London, pp. 170-171. See figure 9.13. Here, too, a significant part of the North American continent is a "blank spot". On which it is written: "Unknown lands" (Parts Unknown). Note that this 18th century map depicts the California peninsula AS an ISLAND! That is, as we can see, European ships were not allowed here by the Horde even at the beginning of the 18th century. To Pugachev!

We see the same thing on the French map of 1688. See Figure 9.14. Here, the California Peninsula is also shown as an ISLAND! That is also wrong. What does this mean? A simple thing: the line of the west coast of North America is still UNKNOWN to Europeans. They are not allowed here. Therefore, they do not know that the California peninsula will join the mainland a little to the north.

Another card. See fig.9.15, fig.9.15(a). This is a French map dated 1656 or later, p.152,153. We see the same picture. The California Peninsula is drawn as an ISLAND. It is not right. In the northwest of America - a solid "white spot". We go further. Figure 9.16 and Figure 9.16(a) show a French map from 1634. Again we see that the American Northwest is sinking into a "white spot", and the California Peninsula is again incorrectly depicted as an ISLAND.

And so on. There are VERY MANY similar maps of the 17th-18th centuries. We cannot present here even a small part of them. The conclusion is this. Before the war with Pugachev in 1773-1775, that is, until the end of the 18th century, the western part of the North American continent belonged to Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk. Europeans were not allowed here. This circumstance was clearly reflected in the maps of that time. Cartographers drew here a "white spot" and a fantastic "island" of California. Of which they more or less represented only the southernmost part. By the way, the very name "California" is quite meaningful. Apparently at that time it simply meant "Kaliph's Land". According to historical reconstruction, the first Russian-Horde CALIPH was the great conqueror Batu Khan, known to us today also under the name Ivan "Kalita". He was one of the founders of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire.

In this regard, let us recall that medieval Japan, which at that time was apparently another fragment of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire, behaved similarly. Japan also kept foreigners out until the 1860s. This was probably a reflection of some general policy of local rulers. The kings-khans of these Horde-“Mongolian” states were hostile to the Europeans, as to the enemies of the former Great Empire, of which they still felt themselves to be a part. Apparently, there was a close relationship between Japan and Moscow Tartaria until the end of the 18th century, and Japan "closed" only after the defeat of Moscow Tartaria in 1773-1775, that is, after the defeat of Pugachev.

Only at the end of the 19th century did European foreigners (the Dutch) enter Japan by force. As we can see, it was only at this time that the wave of the “progressive liberation process” came here.

Let's return to the maps of America, but this time to the maps of the alleged XV-XVI centuries. Let's see how the European cartographers of the supposedly 16th century depicted the same North America. Probably much worse than the cartographers of the XVII-XVIII centuries. It must be assumed that now we will see very meager data not only about the North American continent, but also about America in general. It turns out not! Today we are offered to assume that European cartographers supposedly imagined North America WHERE MORE ACCURATELY in the 16th century than the cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. Moreover, this amazing knowledge is not manifested in some little-known and forgotten cards. "Ahead" of their time by many decades, and then undeservedly "forgotten".

Far from it. North America is splendidly depicted on the famous 16th-century maps by Abraham Ortelius and Gerhard Mercator. Which, as historians assure us, were widely known both in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present these well-known maps in Fig.9.17, Fig.9.17(a) and Fig.9.18, Fig.9.18(a). As we can see, these supposedly 16th century maps are MUCH BETTER AND MORE ACCURATE than the 18th century maps. They are even better than the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica map!

Did the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica at the end of the 18th century "fell into ignorance" after such brilliant maps of the supposedly 16th century? Please note that both Ortelius and Mercator are absolutely CORRECT in depicting the California Peninsula precisely as a PENINSULA. We see the same thing on the map of Hondius allegedly dated 1606. California is shown as a peninsula. See fig.9.19 and fig.9.19(a). Allegedly, at the very beginning of the 17th century, Hondius was already well versed in the true geography of America. He has no doubt that California is a peninsula. He confidently draws the Bering Strait. All along the WEST coast of North America, he knows many names of cities and places. There are no "unknown lands" here for him. He knows everything! And it happens supposedly in 1606.

They want to assure us that in a hundred years the European cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will FORGET all this information. And they will start, for example, WRONG to consider California an ISLAND! Isn't it strange?

Further, both Ortelius and Mercator, and Hondius and many other cartographers, allegedly of the 16th - early 17th centuries, already know that AMERICA IS SEPARATED FROM ASIA BY THE STRAIT. And historians tell us that later cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will “forget” all this. And only then, finally, will this strait be “re-opened”. As well as many other things on the map of North America.

So the picture is completely clear. All these brilliant maps of the alleged 16th century are forgeries of the 19th century. They were made in an era when volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica had long been on the shelves of European libraries. Something on the maps was drawn "under the antiquity." But in general, the outlines of the continents and many other important details were copied from the maps of the 19th century at hand. Drawn, of course, chic, rich. To be worthy of the "ancients". And to cost more. After all, "ancient authentic maps." Finally discovered in the dusty archives of Europe.

Let us now look at the map of Siberia in the 18th century. We have already shown one of these maps in Figure 9.20. On this map, all of Siberia beyond the Ural Range is called Great Tartary. Now it becomes clear what this means. It means exactly what it says. Namely, that at that time there was still a Russian-Horde state under that name. Next, we give another map of the XVIII century. See fig.9.21(a), fig.9.21(b), fig.9.22. It was published in 1786 in Germany, in Nuremberg. On it, the inscription Russiya (Russland) is neatly bent so that in no case does it climb over the Ural Range. Although it could well have been drawn and straighter. What would be more natural if Siberia in the 18th century belonged to the Romanovs. And the whole of Siberia is divided on the map into two large states. The first is called the "State of Tobolsk" (Gouvernement Tobolsk). THIS NAME IS WRITTEN IN THE ENTIRE WESTERN SIBERIA. The second state is called the "State of Irkutsk" (Gouvernement Irkutzk). THIS SIGN GOES THROUGH EASTERN SIBERIA AND FURTHER NORTH TO SAKHALIN ISLAND.

OPTIONAL - " Great Tartaria - the stolen history of Russia" -

More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. The most that a Russian person who heard it for the first time associated with was the Greek mythological Tartarus, the well-known saying “fall into tartarars”, and, possibly, the notorious Mongol-Tatar yoke. (In fairness, we note that all of them are directly related to Tartaria, a country that relatively recently occupied almost the entire territory of Eurasia and the western part of North America).

Have you ever heard of such a country?

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of her was alive, very many knew about her. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."

For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly spoke about Tartaria on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his wonderful article “Hushed History of Russia”, published in July 2004 (then the author of the article did not yet have his own website. Its creation was only planned). Here is what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia, the Russian Empire, better known as the Great Tartary (Great Tartary), calls the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Translation: “Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

“As follows from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, there was a vast country of Tartaria, the provinces of which had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (Chinese Tartary)[please do not confuse with China (China)]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary)[Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartaria. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire)(modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary).

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.

Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias. For example, back in 1928 in the Spanish encyclopedia "Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana" a rather extensive article on Tartary is given, which begins on page 790 and takes about 14 pages. This article contains a lot of truthful information about the homeland of our ancestors - the Great Tartary, but at the end the “breath of the times” already affects, and fictions that are familiar to us now appear.

We provide a translation of a small fragment of the text of an article about Tartaria from this Encyclopedia of 1928 edition:

“Tartaria - for centuries this name has been applied to the entire territory of inner Asia, inhabited by hordes of Tartar-Moguls (tartaromogolas). The length of the territories that bore this name is distinguished by the area (distance) of the relief features of the 6 countries that bear this name. Tartaria extended from the Strait of Tartaria (the strait separating Sakhalin Island from the Asian continent) and the mountain range of Tartaria (also known as Sikhota Alin - coastal mountain range), which separates the sea from Japan and the already mentioned Strait of Tartaria on one side, and up to the modern Tartar Republic , which extends to the Volga (both banks) and its tributary Kama in Russia; to the south are Mongolia and Turkestan. On the territory of this vast country lived Tartars, nomads, rude, persistent and restrained, who in ancient times were called Scythians. (escitas).

On old maps, Tartaria was called the northern part of the Asian continent. For example, on the Portuguese map of 1501-04, Tartaria was called a large territory that stretches between Isartus (Jaxartus) to Okkardo (Ob), to the Ural Mountains. On the map of Ortelius (1570), Tartaria is the entire vast region from Catayo (China) to Muscovy (Russia). On the map J.B. Hommann (1716) Tartaria has an even greater extent: Great Tartaria (Tartaria Magna) stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Volga, including all of Mogolia, Kyrgyzstan and Turkestan. The last three countries were also called Independent Nomadic Tartaria (Tartaria Vagabundomni Independent), which stretched from the Amur to the Caspian Sea. Finally, on the world map la Carte Generals de toutes les Cosies du Blonde et les pavs nouvellement decouveris published in Amsterdam in 1710 by Juan Covens (Juan Covens) and Cornelio Mortier (Cornelio Mortier), Tartaria is also mentioned under the name of Great Tartaria (Grande Tartarie) from the Amur Sea, which is located in the Amur Delta to the Volga. On all maps published before the end of the 18th century, Tartary is a huge area that covers the center and north of the Asian continent ... " (Translated by Elena Lyubimova).

From this follows a completely logical conclusion that everyone (if not all, then many) knew well about the Great Tartaria even in the first quarter of the 20th century. This is also evidenced by the almost universal use of Vedic symbols (various swastikas and others), which continued in the USA and Europe until the end of the 30s, and in Asia continues to this day. After the Second World War, organized, financed and skillfully carried out by world Zionism, the truthful information about our Motherland - the Great Tartaria - began to disappear catastrophically quickly. And after the assassination of Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), who got out of the subordination of the Zionists, and tried to subjugate the world to himself personally, no one prevented the global financial mafia from controlling all the media and dictating to the whole world only what they want (the truth about the true role of Joseph Dzhugashvili in the fate of the Russian people, see section 2.29 of the first volume of the book by Academician N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors").

So, in a relatively short period of time (during the life of only a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all the information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them to leave the trees on which they supposedly lived and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a brighter future.

In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Russia and the Russians. And some fun facts about the "enlightened" and "civilized" West can be found in the article « Medieval Europe. Strokes for a portrait. When the enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything quickly began to decline there. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, dumb slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article "Christianity as a weapon of mass destruction". So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first, there was no "West" itself in our current understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!

* * * However, let us return to Tartaria. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony Jenkinson), who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company)- an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)- a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598)- Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (Chinese Tartary).

Let's look at a few more foreign maps. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mughal Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederick de Wit (Frederick de Wit), Dutch map by Peter Schenk (Pieter Schenk).

French map of Asia in 1692 and a map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartaria by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

We have given only some of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. Oh ta R tarakh, which now everyone who is not lazy, call the Tatars and refer to the Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these "Tatars". We will have to turn again to European sources. The well-known book is very indicative in this case. "The Travels of Marco Polo" That's what they called her in England. In France it was called "Book of the Great Khan", in other countries the “Book on the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself titled his manuscript “Description of the World”. Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.

In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels in Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongolian” Khan Kublai. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will turn our attention to the fact that the Europeans portrayed the "Mongols" in the Middle Ages.

As you can see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has been preserved further. And in the 17th, and in the 18th, and in the 19th centuries, Europeans stubbornly continued to portray the "Tatars" from Tartaria with all the signs of the people of the White Race. See, for example, how the French cartographer and engineer Male depicted "Tatars" and "Mongols" (Allain Manesson Mallet)(1630-1706), whose drawings were printed in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.

From the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartaria. In Europe, numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th century have been preserved, which depict the citizens of this country - tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers call Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise, we see images of Eastern tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.

Above are engravings from books Thomas Jeffrey (Thomas Jefferys) "Catalogue of national costumes of different peoples, ancient and modern", London, 1757-1772 in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and Jesuit travel collections Antoine Francois Prevost(Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles 1697-1763) entitled "Histoire Generale Des Voyages" published in 1760.

Let's see a few more engravings depicting various tartars that lived on the territory Great Tartaria from the book of a German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johan Gottlieb Georgi(Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1729-1802) "Russia or a complete historical report on all the peoples living in this Empire" (Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780 It contains sketched national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.

As we now know, apart from Great Tartaria, which, according to Western cartographers, occupied Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there were several more Tartaria in Asia: Chinese Tartaria (this is not China), Independent Tartaria (modern Central Asia), Tibetan Tartaria (modern Tibet), Uzbek Tartaria and Mughal Tartaria (Mughal Empire). Evidence of the representatives of these Tartaria is also preserved in historical European documents.

Some names of peoples were unknown to us. For example, who are these tartars Taguris or tartars Kohonor? To solve the mystery of the name of the first tartars, the above mentioned "Travel Collection" Antoine Prevost. It turned out that these were Turkestan tartars. Presumably, geographical names helped to identify the second tartars. Qinghai Province is located in the west-central part of China. (Qinhai) bordering Tibet. This province is rich in endorheic lakes, the largest of which is called Qinghai (Blue Sea), which gave the province its name. However, we are interested in another name for this lake - Kukunor (Kuku Nor or Koko Nor). The Chinese captured this province from Tibet in 1724. So Kohonor tartars may well be Tibetan tartars.

We didn't know who they were. Tartares de Naun Koton ou Tsitsikar. It turned out that the city of Qiqihar still exists, and is now located in China northwest of Harbin, which, as you know, was founded by Russians. As for the founding of Qiqihar, traditional history tells us that it was founded by the Mongols. However, it is not clear just where the tartars could come from?

Most likely, the founders of the city were the same Mongols who founded Mughal Empire in the north of India, on the territory of which modern Pakistan is now located, and which has nothing to do with the modern state of Mongolia. These two countries are thousands of kilometers apart, separated by the Himalayas and inhabited by different peoples. Let's see some images of these "mysterious" Mughals made by a French cartographer Male (Allain Manesson Mallet), Dutch publisher and cartographer Isaac Tyrion (Isaac Tirion)(1705-1769) and Scottish historian and geographer Thomas Salmon (Thomas Salmon)(1679-1767) from his book "Modern History" (Modern History or the Present State of all Nations) published in London in 1739.

Looking closely at the clothes of the Mughal rulers, one cannot help but notice their striking resemblance with the ceremonial clothes of Russian tsars and boyars, and the appearance of the Mughals themselves has all the signs of the White Race. Pay attention also to the 4th figure. It depicts Shah Jahan I (Shah Jahan)(1592-1666) - ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1627 to 1658. The one that built the famous Taj Mahal. The French caption under the engraving reads: Le Grand Mogol. Le Impereur d'Indostan, which means Great Mogul - Emperor of Hindustan. As you can see, there is absolutely nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the Shah.

Incidentally, the ancestor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire is a great warrior and an outstanding commander Tamerlane(1336-1405). Now, let's look at his image. The engraving says: Tamerlan, empereur des Tartares – Tamerlane - Emperor Tartarus, and in the book "Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares", written by Sharaf al Din Ali Yazdi in 1454 and published in Paris in 1722, it is, as we see, named Emperor Mogul and Tartarus.

We also managed to find images of other tartars and see how various Western authors depicted representatives Lesser Tartaria - Zaporizhzhya Sich, as well as Nogai, Cherkasy, Kalmyk and Kazan tartars.

Why are there so many countries on the world maps of those times that have the word Tartaria? Academician answered this question Nikolai Levashov in his most interesting article "Hushed History of Russia-2":

“The reason for the appearance of such a number of Tartaria is the budding from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) outlying provinces, as a result of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the hordes of the Dzungars, who captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Iriysky in 7038 AD SMZH or 1530 AD.”

Tartaria in Dabville's "World Geography"

Recently, we came across another encyclopedia that tells about our Motherland, Great Tartary, the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval Dubville (DuVal d'Abbwille). Her name is long and sounds like this: "World Geography containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world" (La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Cartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde). Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In what follows, we will simply call it "World Geography".

Below we present you the description of the article about Tartaria from the "World Geography" in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:

“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing the contemporary states of the whole world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume, apparently, has sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format, 8x12 cm in size and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossed floral pattern on the spine and ends of the cover. The book contains 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound title pages, 50 glued spread sheets of maps, one pasted sheet - a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are listed. On the first spread of the book there is an ex-libris containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: "ExBibliotheca" and Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis. The date of the book is written in Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman "M.D C.LXXVI".

"World Geography" is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. it Empire of Tartaria (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and Mughal Empire (Empire du Mogol) in present-day India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history you can easily find information about the Empire of the Great Mogul, then Tartaria, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks either on the world or domestic, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including Empires of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders on the south with CHINE(modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartaria, behind the Great Wall of China, an area called CATHAI , a little above the indicated lake Lak Kithay and locality Kithaisko. The first volume included the content of the second volume - the geography of Europe, which, in particular, indicates Muscovy(Mofcovie) as an independent state.

This book is also of interest to linguists-historians. It is written in old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet settled down in it. For example, names AVSTRALE and AUSTRALES on one sheet-paste between 10-11 s. And the letter "s" in many places is replaced by the letter "f", which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia in some places was written as Afia. Or the word desert desert written as default. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected for "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".

Below is the semantic translation of the article "Tartaria" from Dubville's "Geography of the World" (pp. 237-243). Translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for The Cave.

This material is placed by us here not because it contains some unique information. Far from it. It is placed here simply as another irrefutable evidence the fact that Great Tartaria - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. It must also be borne in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion of world history by the enemies of Mankind had already been almost universally completed. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that "the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese." Even today, the Chinese are not able to build such a wall, and even more so then ...

Tartaria Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country Esso(1), the area of ​​​​which is equal to the area of ​​Europe, since it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere in length, and in width it far exceeds East Asia. The name itself Tartaria, which came to replace Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they don't use the letter R.

Tartars are the best archers in the world, but they are barbarously cruel. They often fight and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter in confusion. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great when he crossed the Oxus (Oxus)[modern. Amu Darya. - E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. The cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the first to attack. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep cattle, doing nothing else.

At all times their country has been the source of many conquerors and colonizers in many countries: and even the great wall that the Chinese have erected against them is unable to stop them. They are ruled by princes they call khanami. They are divided into several Hordes - this is something like our districts, camps, tribes or clan council, but this is what we know about them like what their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They do not want to know where they are buried, for this each of them chooses a tree and the one who will hang them on it after their death.

They are mostly idolaters, but there are also a large number of Mohammedans among them; we learned that those who conquered China were almost do not profess any special religion although they adhere to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartaria is usually divided into five large parts: Tartaria Desert (Tartari Deserte), Chagatai(Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartaria (Tartarie Septentrionale) and Kimskaya Tartaria (Tartarie du Kim).

Tartaria Desert has such a name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She recognizes for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because this is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the inhabitants extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.

Peoples of Chagatai (Giagathai) and Mavaralnahi (Mawaralnahr) have their own khans. Samarkand is the city where the great Tamerlane founded the famous university. They also have a trading city Bokor (Bockor), which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orkan (Orcange) almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogdia became famous because of the death there of the formerly famous philosopher Callisthenes. (Callisthene).

Mughal tribe (de Mogol) known because of the origin of their prince, bearing the same name, who rules most of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and have such a penchant for music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatays and Uzbeks (d'Yousbeg), who are not called Tartars, are Mohammedans.

Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which act as money for the locals.

Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names that Cathay (Сathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, because it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called flounder (Сambalu)(2) or more often Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors talked about wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) and Beijing (Pequim): they also report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns of pure gold and another - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, cut with precious stones, which can buy four large cities. We took a trip to Cathay(Cathai) by different roads, hoping to find there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went overland, others along the northern sea, and some again went up the Ganges (4).

The Tartars of this country were part of China in our time, and the king Niuche(5), which is called xunchi, is the one who conquered him at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.

old or true Tataria, which the Arabs called differently, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmaneser (Salmanasar), the king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both him and the imams, known in antiquity, and the name of one of the largest mountains in the world.

Translator's notes

1. The country of Esso on French medieval maps was designated differently: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was drawn as part of the mainland, but mostly called the western part of North America. (See the 1691 map by the French cartographer Nicholas Sanson (Nicolas Sanson) 1600-1667).

2. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalik(Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means "The Great Residence of the Khan", it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in writing Cambuluc.

3. Rhubarb- a medicinal plant, widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages, it was exported and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. In Europe, it was unknown and began to be cultivated everywhere, starting only from the 18th century.

4. On medieval maps, the Liaodong Bay was called the Ganges. (See 1682 Italian map of China Giacomo Cantelli (Giacomo Cantelli(1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo di Rossi(Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi)).

5. The northeastern fragment of the 1682 Italian map of China shows the kingdom Niuche(or Nuzhen), about which the description says that it conquered and rules China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lie the lands Yupy Tartars(or Fishskin Tartars), and Tartari del Kin or dell'Oro(Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).

The text of the article about Tartaria contains the name Tamerlane which is called great. We found several engravings with his image. Interestingly, Europeans pronounced his name in different ways: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur and Lang.

As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) - “Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, the Volga region and Russia. An outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid Empire and Dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand".

Like Genghis Khan, today it is customary to portray him as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from the photographs of the original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the way orthodox historians paint him. The engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...

Tartaria in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"

Information about a huge country Tartary also contained in the 4th volume of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences) published in London in 1764. On page 3166, a description of Tartaria is given, which was later fully included in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China.

Tartaria in the "World History" of Dionysius Petavius

Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology, and in fact the falsification of world history, Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world, "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographicall Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartaria (translated from Middle English by Elena Lyubimova):

Tartaria(formerly known as Scythia, after the name of their first ruler, Scythus, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, the son of Japhet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartaria by its inhabitants by the Monguls after the name of the Tartar River, which washes most of it. This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any other country, except for the overseas possessions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communication is established, while in the latter they are very scattered), extending 5400 miles from east to west, and on 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing many good cities.

In the east, it borders China, the Sea of ​​Xing or the Eastern Ocean, and the Strait of Anian. Mountains in the west Imaus(Himalayan range), although there are Tartar hordes that recognize the power of the Khan, on the other side of them; in the south - by the river Ganges and Oxus (Oxus) which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some say, with the mountain .... , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom Cathay (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching for 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduc), Camul(Camul), Tainfur (Tainfur) and Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (caindo). However, according to the general opinion, today Tartaria is divided into five provinces.

1. Small Tartaria (Tartaria precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. She has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after whose name the country is called. These Tartars should help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without pay on the first request (if they have a shortage of people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

2. Tartaria Asian or Muscovite or Desert is located on the banks of the Volga River. People there live mainly in tents and represent an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the pasture runs out of food for their cattle, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently, they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Nogkhan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

3. Ancient Tartaria- the cradle of this people, from where they spread furiously throughout Asia and Europe. She rests on the icy ocean. Ordinary people live in tents or under their wagons. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (choras), famous for the khan's tombs. Lop Desert is located in this province (lop) where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burnt it in Mantua in 1540.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordering in the north and east on Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south on Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river, which is now called Bochara where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Nin [king of Babylon] was the first king of this earth, and to whom is credited the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias), which some say is the capital of that province, is one of the most agreeable cities in the East.

Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). She is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities: Oxiana stands on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Kiropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Under its walls, Alexander was wounded. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army considered him dead.

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities, Galla and Auxerre, of whose glory I know nothing.

And finally, north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was so named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, father of Tamerlane, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Fury of the Lord and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thus received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And they, after his death, lost everything that he won. Its capital is Samarkand- the place of residence of Tamerlane, which he enriched with booty brought from his numerous campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the ruler of the province is located.

Cathay (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo had here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies to the east of the Tartar Provinces. It is believed that the Seres used to live here. (Seres) who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from fine wool that grows on the leaves of trees, therefore in Latin silk is called serica. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. In this province there are many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), whose area is 28 miles, except for the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, it is inhabited by Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartaria: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after whom we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone to visit them except merchants and ambassadors, and did not allow his subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, originating from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars, if they dared to do the same.

Scythians they were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to subdue someone. There was once a long discussion about who is older Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being The Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And for their multitude they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or the Scythians of Europe.

With regard to the wealth of their territory, it is said that, since they have many rivers, their grass is visibly invisible, but there is not enough fuel, so that they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Since they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but to live in comfort. There, the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of both wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk, and excellent camel-hair textiles. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk, as well as other goods from China, to Kambala. To this one can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits that have been coming from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, for a long time now. We cannot say for sure, but the Tartars are very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who are subject to one prince) have a lot.

Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans who daily announce that there is only one god. There are more idolaters in Katai than Mohammedans who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and enlightenment, and the god of the Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their flocks, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him like this: rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of which are in their homes), the broth is poured into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven high and the earth low. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs and idolaters.

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them look like Christians or Jews, although there are not many of them: these are Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek churches, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the mother of God; that their priests may marry as often as they please. They also say it's one thing to be God's Word, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two Councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musala (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son inherits the father - the first elected archbishop. Among them, there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people with fat, burn their corpses, and the ashes are carefully collected and stored, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, the king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartarin Chengiz in 1162, 40 years after he accepted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless, he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorani Christians extended their influence to the city of Campion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

* * * Tartaria mentioned in their works and many European artists - writers and composers. Here is a small list with some of those mentions…

Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) - Italian opera composer, opera "Princess Turandot". The father of the protagonist - Kalaf - Timur - the deposed King of the Tartars.

William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play Macbeth. Witches add the lips of Tartarin to their potion.

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. Doctor Frankenstein is chasing the monster "among the wild expanses of Tartaria and Russia ..."

Charles Dickens"Great expectations". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is "hard and haughty and capricious to the last degree..."

Robert Browning"Hameln Pied Piper". The piper mentions Tartaria as a place of successful work: "Last June in Tartaria, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes."

Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. "History of the Esquire" tells about the royal court of Tartaria.

Tartaria in the "Atlas of Asia" by Nicholas Sanson 1653

Information about the Great Tartaria can also be found at Nicholas Sanson (Nicholas Sanson(1600-1667) - French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - "L'Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D'Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estates &c.

The atlas contains maps and a description of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, often having nothing to do with the current state of affairs, which is observed when describing Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, but most likely intentionally made his own contribution to the falsification of both world history and the history of our Motherland.

For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author "lost" only one letter in the name of the country, and Tartaria from the lands of the gods Tarh and Tara turned into a kind of previously unknown Tataria. Added one letter to the name of the people, and Mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek. μεγáλoι (megaloi) – great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungals, Mugals, Monks, etc. Such “replacements”, as you understand, provide a wide field of activity for various kinds of falsifications, which have very far-reaching consequences.

Let's take relatively recent times as an example. AT February 1936 By the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR "On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word "Cossack"" it was ordered to replace the last letter " To" on the " X", and from now on write "Kazakh", and not "Cossack", "Kazakhstan", not "Kazakhstan", and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

How is this change one letter influenced the lives of the latter, it is not necessary to tell for a long time. As a result of the anti-human national policy of the Kazakh authorities, launched after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the "non-titular" Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. Kazakhstan already left 3.5 million people, which is 25% of the total population of the republic. They left the republic in 2000 another 600 thousand human. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are being closed, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. That's what it costs to replace everything one letter In the title.

And now, we present to you, the actual translation from the Middle French language of the article about Tartaria from "Atlas of Asia" 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word "Middle French" means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. is a language that was still in the stage of development in the 17th century formation grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. Translated from Middle French by Elena Lyubimova.

Tartaria or Tataria occupies the north of all Asia. It stretches from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate [from it] Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, the Caspian Sea, the Gihon River (Gehon)[modern. Amu Darya], the Caucasus Mountains, d'ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the North Ocean, the Arctic or Scythian. In length, it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all of Asia from 35 or 40 to 70 or 72 degrees of latitude. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west, and seven or eight hundred from south to north.

Almost all of it is located in the temperate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern ones before it, the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always bounded by the three high mountains of the south coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so that some might say that, in general, temperatures in Tartary are much lower than in a temperate climate.

It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; Persians, Indians or Moghuls, Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we don't know much about her. Some believe that in the east is located Strait of Anian (d'esroit d'anian)[Bering Strait] that separates America, others that the Strait of Jesso (d'estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say for Japan. Some still call the Northern Ocean in one way, others in a different way.

Name Tartaria comes, most likely, from the name of a river or a locality, or the Tartar Horde, from where those peoples appeared who became known in all parts of Asia. Others say that they are called so from Tatars or Totars, which means in Assyrian“remaining” or “leaving”: because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were displaced by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes went to Scythia, about which nowhere noted by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.

Tartaria is divided into five main parts, which are Tartaria Desert (Tartari Deserte),Uzbekistan or Chagatai (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), Cathay (Сathay) and True Tarataria(vraye tartarie). The first and last are the northernmost, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.

The ancients called Tartaria Desert Scythia intra Imaum(one); Uzbekistan and Chagatai - Bactrian and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan was called in ancient times Scythia extra imaum. Katai was called Serika (Serica Regio). As for True Tartaria, the ancients did not know anything about it, or it represented the northernmost territories, both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartaria is limited from the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north - by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the river Shesel (Chesel)[modern. Raw Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains, which are connected with the mountains Imaum.

The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments, which are called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need for this, because they have no immovable dwelling to keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have on carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartaria. Among its hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartaria.

Uzbekistan or Chagatai extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartaria. The Shesel rivers flow through it. (Chesel) or the old fashioned way Jaxartes, Gigon or according to the old Albiamu or Oxus[modern. Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and the most dexterous of all Western Tartars. They carry on a great deal of trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes they lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which is measured in large wicker baskets and sold to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and further Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which at different times was owned by Uzbek khans, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara ( Bochara or Bachara), in which Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and physician in the whole East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia by building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.

Turkestan located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Katai, in the north of India and in the south of True Tartaria. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian and Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Cascar, and Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. Kingdom Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. Kingdom Ciarciam- the smallest and sandy, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. AT Cascar a lot of excellent rhubarb grows. Cotan and Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the mountains of Imave, the Caucasus and Vssonte. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The links we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that there [is] the king of all barbarians - and the less powerful of [the city] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so that we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these ties.

Cathay is the easternmost part of Tartaria. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west, it borders on Turkestan, on China in the south, on the north with True Tartaria, and in the east it is washed by the Ies Strait. (d'estroit de Iesso). Some believe that all of Cathay is [governed] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call khan or ulukhan, which means the Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [rule] various kings who are splendid subjects of the Great Khan. This mighty, well-cultivated and built-up country is rich in everything one could wish for. Its capital is [city] Cambalu, ten (and others say twenty) leagues long, which has twelve vast suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All Tartars, Chinese, Hindus and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.

Of all the kingdoms of Cathay Tangut- the most outstanding. Its capital is [city] Campion, where the caravans of merchants are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of the rhubarb. Kingdom of Tenduk (Tenduc) with the capital of the same name supplies sheet gold and silver, silk and falcons. It is believed that in this country there is Prester John - a special king - Christian, more precisely Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. Kingdom Thainfur known for a large number of its peoples, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.

Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his states, his kings who are his subjects, about the many ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and number of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Remote Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of this famous mountain and wall that separates Tartaria from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all the provinces; pushing the king of China to Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was returned most of his country.

True or ancient Tartaria is the northernmost part of Tartaria - the coldest, most uncultivated and most barbaric of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars left about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to rule over six neighboring hordes, carry weapons, and rule over the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. It is believed that they are the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country can be easily imagined such names as anyone pleases. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Monguls, Buryats (Bargu), Taratars and Naimans are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, while others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, Maug? at the top of the lake Chiamay.

The main wealth of True Tartaria is cattle and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; not caring about fruits or cereals. In speech they are still felt ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).

Translator's note

1. The first geographer who got a fairly clear idea of ​​the great separating mountain range of Central Asia, running in a north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: “before the mountains Imaus” and “beyond the mountains Imaus” ( Scythia Intra Imaum Montem and Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this was the name of the modern Himalayas in ancient times. See the map of Scythia and Seriki by Christopher Sellarius (Christopherus Cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA(rha) on the left and Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean up.

2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurkhatsi (1575-1626) on the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the next year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.

3. The state of the Great Moguls has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).

* * * The information we have collected and presented on these pages is not scientific research in the current sense of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find truthful information about the past of our great Motherland for our readers. And they found her. From this information, it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all the one that our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating about.

Back in the 18th century, everyone knew that Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartaria, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived as such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from the school bench that we - the Slavs - they say, just before the very baptism (1000 years ago) supposedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But one thing - empty talk, albeit very persistent. And another thing is the facts, which can no longer be brushed aside.

And if you read the subsection of the Chronology about the "Roman Empire", then you can get one more indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was deliberate and pre-planned! And we can make an obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushed up and destroyed everything related to the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, Slavic-Aryan.

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