An easy way to solve a rubik's cube scheme. How to solve a rubik's cube in layers. Designations of sides and language of rotations in Russian letters

The human intellect needs constant training no less than the body needs physical activity. The best way to develop, expand the ability of this quality of the psyche is to solve crossword puzzles and solve puzzles, the most famous of which, of course, is the Rubik's Cube. However, not everyone manages to collect it. Knowledge of the schemes and formulas for solving the assembly of this intricate toy will help to cope with this task.

What is a puzzle toy

plastic mechanical cube outer edges which are made up of small cubes. The size of the toy is determined by the number of small elements:

• 2 x 2;
• 3 x 3 (the original version of the Rubik's Cube was exactly 3 x 3);
• 4 x 4;
• 5 x 5;
• 6 x 6;
• 7 x 7;
• 8 x 8;
• 9 x 9;
• 10 x 10;
• 11 x 11;
• 13 x 13;
• 17 x 17.

Any of the small cubes can rotate in three directions along the axes, represented as protrusions of a fragment of one of the three cylinders of the large cube. So the design has the ability to rotate freely, but at the same time, small parts do not fall out, but hold on to each other.

Each side of the toy includes 9 elements, painted in one of six colors, opposite each other in pairs. Classic combination shades is:

• red opposite orange;
• white opposite yellow;
• blue opposite green.

However, modern versions may be colored in other combinations.

Today you can find Rubik's cubes of different colors and shapes.

It is interesting. The Rubik's Cube even exists in a version for the blind. There, instead of color squares, there is a relief surface.

The goal of assembling the puzzle is to arrange the small squares so that they form the face of a large cube of the same color.

History of appearance

The idea of ​​​​creation belongs to the Hungarian architect Erne Rubik, who, in fact, did not create a toy, but a visual aid for his students. In such an interesting way, the resourceful teacher planned to explain the theory of mathematical groups (algebraic structures). It happened in 1974, and a year later the invention was patented as a puzzle toy - future architects (and not only them) got so attached to the intricate and bright manual.

The release of the first series of the puzzle was timed to coincide with the new year 1978, but the toy entered the world thanks to the entrepreneurs Tibor Lakzi and Tom Kremer.

It is interesting. Since the appearance of the Rubik's Cube ("magic cube", "magic cube"), about 350 million copies have been sold worldwide, which puts the puzzle in first place in popularity among toys. Not to mention dozens computer games based on this assembly principle.

The Rubik's Cube is an iconic toy for many generations

In the 80s, the inhabitants of the USSR met the Rubik's Cube, and in 1982, the first world championship in assembling a puzzle for speed, speedcubing, was organized in Hungary. Then the best result was 22.95 seconds (for comparison: in 2017 a new world record was set: 4.69 seconds).

It is interesting. Fans of assembling a multi-colored puzzle are so attached to the toy that they find it not enough for them to assemble for speed alone. Therefore, in recent years, puzzle-solving championships have appeared with eyes closed, one hand, feet.

What are the formulas for the Rubik's Cube

Collecting a magic cube means arranging all the little details so that you get a whole face of the same color, you need to use God's algorithm. This term refers to a set of minimum actions that will solve a puzzle that has a finite number of moves and combinations.

It is interesting. In addition to the Rubik's Cube, God's algorithm is applied to puzzles such as Meffert's pyramid, Taken, Tower of Hanoi, etc.

Since the Rubik's magic cube was created as a mathematical aid, its assembly is decomposed according to formulas.

The assembly of the Rubik's cube is based on the use of special formulas

Important definitions

In order to learn how to understand the schemes for solving the puzzle, you need to get acquainted with the names of its parts.

1. An angle is a combination of three colors. The 3 x 3 cube will have 3, the 4 x 4 version will have 4, and so on. The toy has 12 corners.
2. An edge denotes two colors. There are 8 of them in a cube.
3. The center contains one color. There are 6 in total.
4. Facets, as already mentioned, are simultaneously rotating elements of the puzzle. They are also called "layers" or "slices".

Values ​​in formulas

It should be noted that the assembly formulas are written in Latin - these are the schemes that are widely presented in various manuals for working with the puzzle. But there are also Russified versions. The list below shows both options.

1. The front face (front or facade) is the front face, which is in color to us [Ф] (or F - front).
2. The back face is the face that is centered away from us [З] (or B - back).
3. Right Edge - the edge that is on the right [P] (or R - right).
4. Left Edge - the edge that is on the left [L] (or L - left).
5. Bottom Face - the face that is below [H] (or D - down).
6. Upper Face - the face that is at the top [B] (or U - up).

Photo gallery: parts of the Rubik's cube and their definitions

To clarify the notation in the formulas, we use the Russian version - this will be more understandable for beginners, but for those who want to move to the professional level of speedcubing without the international notation on English language not enough.

It is interesting. The international notation system is adopted by the World Cube Association ( world cube Association, WCA).

1. The central cubes are indicated in the formulas with one lowercase letter - f, t, p, l, c, n.
2. Corner - in three letters according to the name of the faces, for example, fpv, flni, etc.
3. Capital letters Ф, Т, П, Л, В, Н denote elementary operations of rotation of the corresponding face (layer, slice) of the cube by 90° clockwise.
4. Designations Ф, Т, П, Л, В, Н" correspond to the rotation of faces by 90° counterclockwise.
5. The designations Ф 2 , П 2 , etc., indicate a double rotation of the corresponding face (Ф 2 = FF).
6. The letter C denotes the rotation of the middle layer. The subscript shows which side of the face to look at to make that turn. For example, C P - from the side of the right side, C N - from the bottom side, C "L" - from the left side, counterclockwise, etc. It is clear that C N \u003d C "B, C P \u003d C" L and etc.
7. The letter O is the rotation (revolution) of the entire cube around its axis. О Ф - from the side of the front face clockwise, etc.

Recording the process (F "P") N 2 (PF) means: rotate the front face counterclockwise by 90 °, the same - the right side, rotate the bottom face twice (that is, by 180 °), rotate the right side by 90 ° along clockwise, rotate the front face 90° clockwise.

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http://dedfoma.ru/kubikrubika/kak-sobrat-kubik-rubika-3x3x3.htm

It is important for beginners to learn to understand the formulas

As a rule, instructions for building a puzzle in classic colors recommend holding the puzzle with the yellow center up. This advice is especially important for beginners.

It is interesting. There are websites that visualize formulas. Moreover, the speed of the assembly process can be set independently. For example, alg.cubing.net

How to solve a Rubik's puzzle

There are two types of schemas:

• for newbies;
• for professionals.

Their difference is in the complexity of the formulas, as well as the assembly speed. For beginners, of course, instructions appropriate to their level of knowledge of the puzzle will be more useful. But even they, after training, after a while will be able to fold the toy in 2-3 minutes.

How to build a standard 3 x 3 cube

Let's start by building a classic 3 x 3 Rubik's Cube using a 7-step pattern.

The classic version of the puzzle is the Rubik's Cube 3 x 3

It is interesting. The reverse process used to solve certain irregularly placed cubes is the reverse sequence of the action described by the formula. That is, the formula must be read from right to left, and the layers must be rotated counterclockwise if direct movement was indicated, and vice versa: direct if the opposite is described.

Assembly instructions

1. We start by assembling the cross of the upper face. We lower the required cube down by turning the corresponding side face (P, T, L) and bring it to the front face with the operation N, N "or H 2. We finish the stage of the removal by mirroring (reverse) the same side face, restoring the original position of the affected edge cube of the upper layer. After that, we perform operation a) or b) of the first stage. In case a) the cube came to the front face so that the color of its front face matches the color of the facade. In case b) the cube must not only be moved up, but also unfolded so that it is correctly oriented, standing in its place.

   We collect the cross of the upper line

2. The required corner cube is found (having the colors of the faces F, V, L) and, using the same technique that is described for the first stage, it is displayed in the left corner of the selected facade face (or yellow). There can be three cases of orientation of this cube. We compare our case with the picture and apply one of the operations of the second stage a, beat c. The dots on the diagram mark the place where the desired cube should be placed. We look for the remaining three corner cubes on the cube and repeat the described technique to move them to their places on the top face. Result: the top layer is picked up. The first two stages cause almost no difficulty for anyone: it is quite easy to follow your actions, since all attention is paid to one layer, and what is done in the remaining two is not at all important.

   Choosing the top layer

3. Our goal: to find the desired cube and first bring it down to the front face. If it is at the bottom - by simply turning the bottom face until it matches the color of the facade, and if it is in the middle layer, then you must first lower it down using any of the operations a) or b), and then match it in color with the color of the facade face and perform the operation of the third stage a) or b). Result: two layers collected. The formulas given here are mirror formulas in the full sense of the word. You can clearly see this if you put a mirror to the right or left of the cube (with an edge towards you) and do any of the formulas in the mirror: we will see the second formula. That is, operations with the front, bottom, top (not involved here), and back (also not involved) faces change sign to the opposite: it was clockwise, it became counterclockwise, and vice versa. And the left side changes from the right one, and, accordingly, changes the direction of rotation to the opposite.

   We find the desired cube and bring it down to the front face

4. The goal is achieved by operations that move the side cubes of one face, without ultimately violating the order in the collected layers. One of the processes that allows you to pick up all the side faces is shown in the figure. It also shows what happens in this case with other face cubes. By repeating the process, choosing a different front face, you can put all four cubes in place. Result: the rib pieces are in place, but two of them, or even all four, may be incorrectly oriented. Important: before proceeding with this formula, we look at which cubes are already in place - they may be incorrectly oriented. If there is none or one, then we try to rotate the upper face so that the two that are on two adjacent side faces (fv + pv, pv + tv, tv + lv, lv + fv) fall into place, after that we orient the cube like this , as shown in the figure, and execute the formula given at this stage. If it is not possible to combine the details belonging to adjacent faces by turning the top face, then we execute the formula for any position of the cubes of the top face once and try again by turning the top face to put 2 details located on two adjacent side faces into place.

   It is important to check the orientation of the cubes at this stage

5. We take into account that the unfolded cube should be on the right side, in the figure it is marked with arrows (cube pv). Figures a, b, and c show possible cases of location of incorrectly oriented cubes (marked with dots). Using the formula in case a), we perform an intermediate rotation B "to bring the second cube to the right side, and the final rotation B, which will return the upper face to its original position, in case b) an intermediate rotation B 2 and the final one also B 2, and in case c) intermediate rotation B must be performed three times, after turning each cube and also completed with rotation B. Many are confused by the fact that after the first part of the process (PS N) 4, the desired cube unfolds as it should, but the order in the collected layers is violated. confuses and makes some people throw an almost completed cube halfway through. Having completed an intermediate turn, ignoring the “breakage” of the lower layers, we perform operations (PS N) 4 with the second cube (the second part of the process), and everything falls into place. Result: assembled cross.

   The result of this stage will be an assembled cross

6. We put the corners of the last face into place using an easy-to-remember 8-way process - forward, rearranging the three corner pieces in a clockwise direction, and reverse, rearranging the three dice in a counterclockwise direction. After the fifth stage, as a rule, at least one cube will sit in its place, even if it is incorrectly oriented. (If after the fifth stage none of the corner cubes has sat down in its place, then we apply any of the two processes for any three cubes, after that exactly one cube will be in its place.). Result: all the corner cubes are in place, but two of them (maybe four) may not be oriented correctly.

   Corner cubes sit in their places

7. We repeatedly repeat the sequence of turns PF "P" F. Rotate the cube so that the cube we want to unfold is in the upper right corner of the facade. An 8-way process (2 x 4 turns) will rotate it 1/3 turn clockwise. If at the same time the cube has not yet oriented, repeat the 8-move again (in the formula this is reflected by the index “N”). We do not pay attention to the fact that the lower layers will become a mess. The figure shows four cases of incorrectly oriented cubes (they are marked with dots). In case a) an intermediate turn B and a final B" are required, in case b) - an intermediate and final turn B 2, in case c) - turn B is performed after each cube is rotated to the correct orientation, and the final B 2, in case d) - intermediate rotation B is also performed after each cube is rotated to the correct orientation, and the final rotation in this case will also be rotation B. Result: the last face is assembled.

   Possible errors are shown with dots

Formulas for correcting the placement of cubes can be shown like this.

Formulas for Correcting Misaligned Cubes in the Last Step

The essence of Jessica Friedrich's method

There are several ways to assemble the puzzle, but one of the most memorable is the one developed by Jessica Friedrich, a professor at the University of Binghamton, New York, who develops techniques for hiding data in digital images. While still a teenager, Jessica was so carried away by the cube that in 1982 she became the world champion in speed cubing and subsequently did not leave her hobby, developing formulas for quick assembly"magic cube" One of the most popular options for folding a cube is called CFOP - after the first letters of the four assembly steps.

Instruction:

1. We collect the cross on the upper face, which is made up of cubes on the edges of the lower face. This stage is called Cross - cross.
2. We collect the lower and middle layers, that is, the face on which the cross is located, and the intermediate layer, consisting of four side parts. The name of this step is F2L (First two layers) - the first two layers.
3. We collect the remaining face, not paying attention to the fact that not all the details are in place. The stage is called OLL (Orient the last layer), which translates to "last layer orientation".
4. The last level - PLL (Permute the last layer) - consists in the correct arrangement of the cubes of the upper layer.

Friedrich Method Video Instructions

The speedcubers liked the method proposed by Jessica Friedrich so much that the most advanced amateurs develop their own methods to speed up the assembly of each of the stages proposed by the author.

Video: accelerating the assembly of the cross

Video: collecting the first two layers

Video: working with the last layer

Video: last build level by Friedrich

2 x 2

The 2 x 2 Rubik's Cube or mini Rubik's Cube is also stacked in layers, starting from the bottom level.

The mini-dice is a lighter version of the classic puzzle

Easy Assembly Instructions for Beginners

1. We assemble the bottom layer so that the colors of the last four cubes match, and the remaining two colors are the same as the colors of the neighboring parts.
2. Let's start organizing the top layer. Please note that at this stage the goal is not to match the colors, but to put the cubes in their places. We start by determining the color of the top. Everything is simple here: it will be the color that did not appear in the bottom layer. Rotate any of the top cubes so that it gets to the position where the three colors of the element intersect. Having fixed the corner, we arrange the elements of the remaining ones. We use two formulas for this: one for changing diagonal cubes, the other for neighboring ones.
3. We complete the top layer. We carry out all operations in pairs: we rotate one corner, and then the other, but in the opposite direction (for example, the first one is clockwise, the second is counterclockwise). You can work with three angles at once, but in this case there will be only one combination: either clockwise or counterclockwise. Between rotations of the corners, we rotate the upper face so that the corner being worked out is in the upper right corner. If we work with three corners, then we put the correctly oriented one at the back left.

Formulas for rotating angles:

• (VFPV P"V"F")² (5);
• V²F V²F "V"F V"F"(6);
• FVF² LFL² VLV² (7).

To rotate three corners at once:

• (FVPV "P" F "V")² (8);
• FV F "V FV² F" V² (9);
• V²L"V"L²F"L"F²V"F" (10).

Photo Gallery: Building a 2 x 2 Cube

Video: Friedrich method for a 2 x 2 cube

Collecting the most difficult versions of the cube

These include toys with a number of parts from 4 x 4 and up to 17 x 17.

Models of a cube for many elements usually have rounded corners for ease of manipulation with a toy

How to solve a Rubik's Cube

The Rubik's Cube is a famous puzzle toy designed and patented by the Hungarian architect Erno Rubik in 1974-1975. A few years after the start of mass production, in the 80s, the toy made a real “boom”, becoming the leader in sales worldwide.

The puzzle is still popular today. And although it can often be found on sale among children's products, it would not be entirely correct to call this three-dimensional puzzle a toy.

Today, speed cube assembly competitions are held all over the world. People of all ages take part, and the nominations are divided by discipline (by the number of faces).

The current speed record for a classic 3x3x3 cube is less than 5 seconds! Impressive, isn't it? Especially when you consider that the average time for assembling a cube for an unprepared person can take from several hours to several years.

In order for the assembly of the cube to bring you only pleasure, and subsequently take no more than 20 minutes, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the instructions, which will describe in detail the most common assembly algorithm. After that, you will not wonder: Rubik's Cube how to collect all the faces?

first look

Before you solve the Rubik's Cube, you need to familiarize yourself with the main elements of which it consists. This will not only help to better understand the principles by which it functions, but also to understand the terminology so that in the future you can use formulas for quickly moving faces, cubes.

Recall that the article will focus on the standard or classic version 3D puzzles, cube 3x3x3. In total, this design has 20 movable elements conveniently located on the frame (i.e., fixed base). Namely - 12 edges and 8 corners. The core or the middle, central, cube of a face (plane) is not considered a moving element. Knowing only this fact, you can build a strategy for the first stages of the assembly. After reading the article, you will not wonder, how to solve the Rubik's cube correctly?

Ribs are not considered as moving elements, as You can't move them independently either.

The classic version of the 3x3x3 cube consists of 6 primary colors: white, yellow, blue, green, red and orange. But today, of course, you can find other options. Including the faces, which, after a successful assembly, will make up a whole picture (like a puzzle).

Main elements

1. The central elements of the cube or "core" - there are 6 in total. One for each side. They never participate in the movement, so they are always in their place. If you don’t know how to solve a Rubik’s cube correctly, then we give you a hint: you need to start with the central elements, the cores. That is, the remaining elements of the puzzle must be built around correctly located cores. The colors of the central elements fully match the color of the sides.
2. Corner elements - cubes located at the corners. In total, the classic puzzle model (3x3x3) has 8 cubes, each of which has 3 different-colored sides, depending on which side it is adjacent to. For example, a cube at the junction of white, green and red faces will consist of these colors. Therefore, it is important to consider this information during assembly. That is, make sure that each color of the corner element matches the desired side - the central element (core).
3. Edges - cubes that are located between the corner elements and consisting of two different colors (depending on which face they are adjacent to). In total, there are 12 of them in the 3x3x3 model. Therefore, during assembly, it is important to ensure that each side of the rib matches the color of the central cube (core).
4. Side (layer) - the plane of a 3x3x3 cube, consisting of 9 cubes of the same color. In total, in a classic cube there are 6 sides of different colors.

The assembly of the cube is carried out precisely by turning the sides. At the same time, we clearly see that by moving, for example, one side clockwise, the corner elements of the cube remain corner elements, and the edges remain edges. It is this information that gives us reason to believe that each element described above belongs to a certain type, which always remains unchanged. After turning the puzzle a couple of times in your hands, can you start thinking about how to solve a Rubik's Cube using the knowledge you just gained about its main elements?

Alternate assembly of the cube

There are a huge number of different combinations and secrets for quickly building a cube. Most of them are suitable for professionals. For those who are just getting acquainted with the puzzle, we recommend starting with the most common method of sequential assembly.

With its help, the first (top layer) is first assembled, then the middle is built, and only then the bottom side. This method will help you better understand the principles of assembling a cube, it is easy to remember, and some of the formulas (especially for assembling the last, lower side) can be used independently and subsequently assemble the puzzle almost independently.

Rubik's cube how to solve the first layer?

The first thing to do is to choose the side from which the assembly process will begin. Further in the article, all subsequent steps, formulas and tips will be described taking into account the chosen side. In our case, yellow, respectively, the lower, opposite layer for yellow will be white (this order is found in almost all models of the classic cube).

You are free to choose any other color, but in order to avoid confusion with the wording, we recommend that you do everything strictly according to the instructions. Otherwise, in the last stages of the assembly, you will simply get confused with the colors.

Rubik's cube how to solve a cross?

So, the color from which the assembly will begin is selected - yellow. Therefore, we proceed to the assembly of the "cross". To do this, find the yellow side on the disassembled cube, that is, the layer that will have the yellow color of the central element of the Rubik's cube. How to assemble it quickly:

There is no specific algorithm for assembling a cross. Therefore, it is best to try to do it yourself. It's not as difficult as it seems. If you are not able to assemble the cross yourself, then the next steps may seem too complicated for you.

If you can’t assemble the cross the first time, then leave the puzzle alone for several hours or even days, and then try to assemble the cross with renewed vigor. Please note that you will have to assemble the cross 4 times, that is, for each side of the cube.

Rubik's cube how to collect corners?

As soon as the cross is assembled, the following elements must be returned to their places - the corners. If you were able to cope with the previous task without difficulty, then the solution of this one will not seem something difficult. When assembling the corner elements, it is important to remember that it is not enough to simply put the yellow corner in place of the yellow one. It is necessary that each of the three colors of the selected corner match the color of the core. In other words, the yellow side of the corner die should be on the yellow side, the blue side on the blue side, and the green side on the green side. The algorithm will be as follows:

1. Take the cube so that the cross you just completed is at the top (looking at you).
2. Find the corner you need on the bottom layer of the cube. Wherein Special attention pay attention to what color the other two faces of the selected cube are.
3. Scroll the bottom side (in our case, white, because it is the opposite of yellow) so that the selected corner is just under the place where you want to put it. That is, in parallel.

The yellow cube "looks" to the left.

1. Rotate the bottom side to the left (clockwise).
2. Rotate the side face, which is supposed to put the corner "on itself", that is, lower it down.
3. Return the bottom face to its place (the one that we rotated in step 1), that is, rotate it to the right.
4. Return the side face from step 2 to its place up.
5. After the actions taken, the yellow cube from the “looking to the left” position will return to its rightful place.

By analogy with this method, return the cube from the “looking to the right” position.

If the desired angle is located below, that is, on the underside of the cube, then it will be necessary to first raise it, and then return it from the “looking to the right” position.

Attention! If you can't find the yellow corner at the bottom, then it's at the top, it's just in the wrong place. In order to return it to its rightful place, you just need to move it down and then return it from the “look left” or “look right” position according to the formulas.

The described steps for returning the corners must be repeated until the first layer is completely assembled.

Assembly of the middle layer or letter T

As soon as the top layer is fully assembled, that is, all the corners and edges are in place, then you can start assembling the middle layer. The first thing to do is to return the cubes to their places so that they form the letter T. To do this:

1. Flip the cube so that your chosen (and already fully completed) main color (yellow in our case) is on the bottom.
2. In the top layer (in our case, with a white core), look for the edge that does not have white cubes (on all sides!).
3. Rotate the top layer until the edges of this cube and the core meet and form the cherished letter T.
4. As soon as you collect the first inverted T, you can proceed to the next step. Namely - moving the selected cube to "its place". Therefore, the algorithm will differ depending on the initial position of the edge.

From the initial position, the cube must be moved to the right

From the initial position, the cube must be moved to the left

Attention! If you cannot find the cube you need (in our case, the one that does not have white color), then this means that it is on the middle side, but not in its place. Move it to the top layer and only then return it to the position of the letter T.

Remember that you will have to repeat this step 4 times. That is, first make the letter T, and then return the edges to their places for each layer. After that, the first two layers will be collected and you can proceed to the next step, which will help you understand how to quickly collect the cube to the bitter end.

Second cross

Before you solve the 3rd layer of the Rubik's Cube completely, the first thing to do is to collect the cross. Similar to the original step. But this is all complicated by the fact that this must be done in such a way as not to disturb and confuse the two layers that have just been assembled.

The first thing to do is to move all four edges of the cube that have White color to the top. It is also possible that the ribs will already be in their places. In this case, you can safely skip this step and move on to the next one. For other cases, in which it is still necessary to return the white edges to the top, we recommend using the following algorithms. They differ depending on the position they are in.

If they are nearby:

If they are opposite each other

Attention! If not a single cube with a white color stands correctly (and such a situation is not excluded), that is, they are not on the upper side, then do not be alarmed. You just need to do any of the above described algorithms. After that, the white cubes will move to the right place. As soon as this happens, depending on the situation obtained, repeat one of the algorithms described above.

Aligning Edges

Once the cross is assembled, it is necessary to correctly match each edge with the central cube of each individual side in color, that is, with the core. This should be done consistently, not paying attention to other elements, including corners. Even if now they are standing correctly, then do not be afraid that after this stage they will not fall into place.

To start:

1. Take the cube just now assembled cross up and rotate this layer until at least two edges match the color of the other two sides, or rather their cores.
2. Depending on which of the following situations you can drive the edges into, use the algorithms described below.

If the side edges are next to each other:

It is also possible that the side edges will be located opposite to each other.

The final stage

After the described actions are done, and the ribs are in place, the only thing left is to return the corners to their places. To do this, depending on each specific situation, you can use absolutely different methods and formulas.

We will use a universal algorithm that allows you to swap corners depending on the selected position. In this case, the remaining elements of the cube will remain untouched.

If you did everything exactly according to our instructions, then congratulations! You just solved the Rubik's Cube! You can also use the algorithms described above to come up with your own universal formulas that will help you quickly move the cube elements from one position to another or assemble a cross.

So, you got acquainted with the Rubik's Cube 3x3x3 puzzle and you liked it. But how to learn how to collect a cube, and even better how to collect it faster, you don’t know yet. Especially for you, novice puzzle lovers, I am making this instruction, which will not only help you learn how to solve the Rubik's Cube, but also do it faster than 1 minute (in the future, we plan to create instructions for those who want to solve the cube faster than 30 seconds).

Let's start with the fact that here you can, this is especially true for those who want to collect the cube quickly, and the old cube does not allow this for technical reasons =)..

The most common 3x3x3 cube assembly technique is Jessica Friedrich's technique. This technique breaks the assembly of the Rubik's Cube into 4 stages. And at the initial assembly level (at a speed of up to 1 minute), you need to learn not so many formulas. I will try to make instructions that will be understandable and will contain all the necessary information.

First, briefly about the assembly steps.

Steps to assemble a Rubik's Cube

1. We collect the cross. The task of this stage is to place 4 cubes in their places around the white center (many people use white as the main color when assembling, you can use any).

2. In the method of Jessica Friedrich, at the second stage, the first 2 layers are immediately collected ( F2L – first two layers). But for a beginner puzzle builder, this will be quite difficult, so we will look at how to do this step in 2 steps, simplifying the task a bit.

3. Assembly of the yellow side of the cube ( OLL – orientation of the Last Layer). At this stage, we collect the yellow side of the cube. The assembly of this stage, even by advanced speedcubers, is not always performed using a single formula. We will look at how to assemble the yellow side in a few steps.

4. The last stage of the cube assembly is called Permutation of the Last Layer (PLL). At this stage, it is necessary to place the corner and edge cubes correctly in the last third layer of the puzzle.

Now let's move from theory to practice.

So, let's start assembling the cube. For the convenience of learning, please remember that the cube must be kept with the white center down and the yellow up!

The assembly of the die begins with a cross on the main side, usually white. In this manual, white will be the main. This stage is carried out completely intuitively, there are no formulas, but there are typical situations that should be remembered to speed up the assembly.

Important! Collecting is not just a white cross on the white side. Each edge cube has two colors, and it must match two centers, white and one of the other four colors (you can see in the photo how the orange-white and green-white edges match the orange and green centers).

1. Check the side with the white center for white edges. If they are, then simply by rotating the bottom layer of the cube, you can match this edge with the second center. See how to do it in the video below. Let me remind you that you need to collect the cube with the white center down!

2. If you have already completed the first step of this step, turn your eyes to the top of the die (the side with the yellow center). If there are white rib cubes near the yellow center, then it is easy enough to install them in the right place on the main side (with a white center). To do this, rotate only the top layer to match this edge with the second center (orange, red, green or blue), while turning the side on which the center and the edge coincided face you. After the edge coincides with the additional center, you need to rotate the front face two times so that the white color is not at the top of the cube, but at the bottom (where the white center is). Watch a visual application in the video below.

3. All other situations are solved by raising the die with the white side up (the side with the yellow center) and turning down to the white center as in point 2. Below is a video with illustrative examples.

I propose to assemble the first two layers in two steps. After assembling the white cross, our task is to install four corner cubes in their places, after which four more edge ones.

Like the assembly of the cross, this can all be done purely intuitively.

Installing corner cubes in the first (bottom) layer

For ease of perception of information, I will demonstrate how to install corner cubes.

To put the corner cubes in place, you need to learn one trick, which among the speedcubers is called “bang bang”. The formula for this looks like this R U R'U'. read here.

In the video, I looked at 4 situations that arise during the installation of corner cubes.

After setting all the corners in place, the cube should look like this:

Installation of rib cubes

After you have placed all the corner cubes in the bottom layer, our task is to put the edge cubes in their places. After that, the F2L stage will be completed.

The installation of rib cubes is carried out using one formula and its mirror execution. Before executing the formula, the main thing is to set the edge cube in the right place, this is done by turning the top layer.

The edge cube must be set so that the color of the side face matches the color of the central cube of the middle layer.

1. If after that the rib cube is to the left of its place, we execute the formula URUR 'U'F'U'F.

2. If the edge cube is to the right of its place, then we perform the mirror formula U'L'U'L UFUF'.

3. There are cases when the rib cubes are not in their places, or in their places, but at the same time turned upside down. The above formulas will help lift the rib cube to the top layer, after which you can easily install it in the right place.

After assembling the first two layers, it is necessary to assemble the side with the yellow center, this stage is called OLL. At the same time, our task is simply to collect the yellow side, at this stage it is not at all necessary that all the cubes be in their places.

We look at the video how to install rib cubes when assembling the first two layers

1. Corner

After you have collected the first two layers, the yellow side of the cube may look like this:

But in practice, during the assembly process, other combinations may fall out. Consider how to get out of all these situations using universal formulas.

Our task is to make a corner of the yellow cubes. After assembling the first two layers, you can see completely different combinations of yellow cubes at the top, but most often we get either a corner or nothing. Nothing means that neither a corner nor a cross nor a fish fell out. There are several possible combinations in the images that can be before the corner is assembled.

The corner is very easy to assemble. We carry out the formula: F RUR'U' F'. After executing the formula, you will get one of the many combinations that are possible with an OLL assembly that contains a corner. Let's move on to the next step.

2. Cross

The cross can be assembled using one formula, but only at the stage of the assembled corner. There can be many combinations based on the corner, but to assemble the cross you need to know only one formula. So, before assembling, you need to take the cube so that the corner vectors look: one to the left, the second looks up. Next, we execute the formula: F RUR'U' RUR'U' F' (turn the front, make 2 bang-bang and return the front). As a result, you will get one of the combinations based on the cross:

After that, you can proceed to the assembly of the fish.

3. Fish

We need a combination of fish in order to use one formula to collect the entire yellow side. In fact, after assembling the cross, the same formula will help you make a fish, and after a fish, and completely OLL.

For this operation, there is a universal formula that will help us - RU'-RU-RU-RU'-R'U'-R2 (mirror version on the left: L'U-L'U'-L'U'-L'U- LU-L2). In the video, I tell you in which cases which formula to use.

2. Placement of corner cubes

In the video, I show you how to arrange corner cubes in two of the most common cases.

The formula for case one (the formula follows from the position shown in the video): R'U2RDR'U2RDR'U2RDDR'U2R

Formula for case 2 (the formula follows from the position shown in the video): R'U2RD2R'U2RD'R'U2RD'R'U2R

These formulas are easier to learn intuitively than just memorize.

Even if we assume that the record holder was very lucky, then the world ranking table for the average of five results leaves no doubt: if more than 80 people fit into 12 seconds on average, they obviously know something. In that summary I will try to reveal the secrets of high-speed assembly. I’ll make a reservation right away that after reading this article you will not become champions: here are only the main points and links to more detailed information. In addition, even after learning the method completely, you will need long training to achieve good results. But you will get a good idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhow this is done, and if you wish, you will know where to go next. I think with enough perseverance, after a few months of training, many will be able to achieve an average result in the region of 30 seconds.

I will refer mainly to the SpeedSolving Wiki and Badmephisto. So let's go.

CFOP method

CFOP is the name of the four build stages: C ross, F 2L, O ll, P LL:

• Cross - assembly of a cross, four edged cubes on the bottom face;
• F2L (First two layers) - assembly of two layers - lower and middle;
• OLL (Orient the last layer) - the correct orientation of the top layer cubes;
• PLL (Permute the last layer) - arrangement of cubes of the upper layer.

Cross - cross

You can choose a face to assemble a cross in different ways. The most popular way is to always collect it on the same face (often the white one). Then you at all stages of the assembly know exactly the relative arrangement of colors, which facilitates the process. Some people assemble the face that is easiest to assemble first. On average, this saves one turn, but you constantly have to change to a different arrangement of colors. Also used compromise option- collect one of two opposite faces (say, either white or yellow), then the set of colors of the side faces does not change.

The main trick of assembling the cross is that it must be assembled relatively. For example, if you make a cross on a white side and a blue-and-white edged cube is already on it in white color towards the white center, then it doesn't matter to you whether the blue side of this cube is aligned with the blue side. It is enough to place a white-green cube on the opposite side, and a white-red and white-orange cube on the left and right. During the assembly process, you can twist the white side as you like, and at the end, in one movement, immediately align all the side centers with the cubes of the cross. It is only important to remember the exact order of the colors on the die: if you look at the white face, then blue, red, green, orange (behind - yellow) go clockwise.

Professionals collect a cross on the bottom face. For beginners, this seems difficult, since it is almost impossible to see what you are collecting, but this gives a great advantage when moving on to the next stage: you do not have to spend time turning the die over, and you can notice the arrangement of the cubes needed to complete the F2L during the process of assembling the cross and outline a plan for further assembly.

Some advanced cross assembly tricks are described in this video.

F2L - first two layers

The main difficulty of the stage is to quickly find paired cubes. They can be in 16 different places: 8 places in the last layer and 8 in columns. The columns are more difficult to view, and the fewer columns you have collected, the more likely it is that the cubes you need are in the uncollected ones. If you did not pay attention to the F2L dice when building the cross, you can lose a lot of time just looking at the transition to this stage. It is also not always reasonable to start with the first found pair: perhaps it is assembled by a long algorithm, and if you start from another, then in the process the first one will be rebuilt into a more successful combination.

OLL - last layer orientation

There are 57 different initial situations, each of which has its own assembly algorithm, from 6 to somewhere up to 14 moves. It is necessary not only to learn all these algorithms, but also to quickly identify which one needs to be applied to this moment. Here is an example of one of the OLLs:


The left side of the picture shows the original situation up to rotation (assuming we are assembling the yellow edge). To apply this OLL, the positions of the yellow squares must match not only on the top face, but also on the side ones (we ignore the squares of other colors). It is not always necessary to match the dice with the scheme completely, it is only necessary to match enough squares to distinguish it from the rest of the combinations. On the right there are two algorithms (it is more convenient for someone to do one, for someone else) in standard notation, at the bottom is the number of OLL and the probability of it falling out. Nearly all come up with a 1/54 chance, some with 1/108, and two with a 1/216 chance (including happy combination when OLL assembled itself).

For beginners, learning 57 combinations may seem like torture, so a simplified, but slower version was invented - 2-look OLL. In this case, OLL is split into two stages, first the cross is collected, and then the corners. Here you need to memorize only 10 algorithms (3 for the cross, 7 for the corners). Having gained experience in 2-look OLL, you can slowly take up the study of the full set. At the same time, 2-looks will come in handy in any case: firstly, they are all in the full set (say, if the cross came together by itself, then the full OLLs coincide with 2-look OLLs for the corners), and secondly, if you got another unfamiliar OLL, you can go back to 2-look.

PLL - permutation of the last layer

Again, a simplified version is offered - 2-look PLL, when the corners are placed first (two combinations), and then the centers (four combinations), they are quite easy to learn.

Cube and Lube

For best results, the cube must be lubricated. Sometimes grease comes with a cube, or is bought separately. Suitable silicone grease, which can be bought at car dealerships.

Dice spins

Look ahead - looking ahead

Fingertricks

Practice

Surely everyone has known since childhood the famous puzzle, named after its creator - Erno Rubik. Pretty quickly, she gained popularity and reached the most remote corners of the planet.

Without proper skill, it will not work to put together a puzzle, even after doing a hundred manipulations, but relatively recently, specialists from Inc. learned how to solve a rubik's cube in 20 moves. They managed to achieve this phenomenal result with the help of a computer, which was given the task of analyzing all possible combinations.

Where did the Rubik's Cube come from?

Back in 1974, the Hungarian architect and teacher at the Academy of Applied Arts Erno Rubik thought about the best way to learn

He wanted a new invention to help students explore the world, and one day he had a sensational idea - to create a puzzle. The task, it would seem, is elementary - to rotate the rows of the cube until each of the sides becomes the same color. But the scheme for assembling a Rubik's Cube is not so simple and can take even several hours in time, without giving a result. The students appreciated and got carried away with the new toy. At that moment, the creator did not even suspect that after many years scientists would puzzle over solving the puzzle until they figured out how to solve a Rubik's cube in 20 moves.

How did the worldwide popularity come

At first, the original toy was not popular with investors. It was believed that its production would not be profitable, since the assembly of the Rubik's cube could be of interest only to intellectuals. Nevertheless, one small company decided to invest in this unusual project, and the puzzle began to conquer Budapest.

A few years later, Tibor Lakzi, an intermediary of one of the German firms, arrived in the city and became interested in the original puzzle, which at that time was very popular among the townspeople. Realizing that the distribution of an amazing invention around the world could bring huge profits, he decided to promote the Rubik's Cube. For novice businessmen Lakzi and Rubik, the main difficulty was the search for investors. But thanks to Tibor's economic education and his commercial flair, the owner of Seven Towns Ltd, Tom Kremer, was soon involved in the project. He undertook large-scale production and distribution, which helped the cube become popular all over the world.

"God's Algorithm"

Since 1982, competitions have been regularly held in many countries, in which the main task of the participants is the speed assembly of the Rubik's Cube. In order to solve the puzzle as quickly as possible, it is not enough just to have good dexterity and ingenuity. A person should know the optimal scheme for assembling the Rubik's cube, which allows you to expend as little effort as possible. The minimum number of steps required to solve the problem is the "God's Algorithm".

Many learned minds and simple amateurs have tried to find a solution. At one time it was believed that minimum number steps from any position - 18, but later this theory was refuted. Many years have been spent searching for the optimal sequence, and only in 2010, scientists managed to find out how to solve a Rubik's Cube in 20 moves, regardless of the position of the puzzle before the assembly began. This is currently an absolute record.

Who is faster - a car or a person?

At the moment, the fastest of people is the American student Colin Burns - he managed to solve the puzzle in less than 5.5 seconds. And the robot, assembled by British engineers from parts of the EV3 designer, coped with this task in 3.253 seconds. The advantage of the mechanism is not only that the work of all its parts is more coordinated than the actions of a person. Scientists gave him as many as 4 hands, which allow you to perform all operations 2 times faster.

How to learn to collect it

There is more than one standard Rubik's cube scheme that allows you to learn how to solve this original puzzle in a short time. Different build systems allow you to approach the issue in different ways. Which one to choose is up to you. Of course, it is unlikely that without the computer power of Google you will learn how to solve a Rubik's cube in 20 moves, but you will learn how to find simple solutions in a short time. The main thing is that you have enough perseverance. No technique will help solve the puzzle without problems if you are not ready to spend your precious time learning.

But you should not give all your time to this toy. Doctors have noted an increase in the number of patients in psychiatric clinics after the appearance of the Rubik's Cube. And traumatologists began to regularly encounter symptoms, later called "Rubik's syndrome." It appears as sharp

Assembly diagram

There are several schemes that allow beginners to quickly learn how to add a Rubik's cube. Attached to this article is one of them:

1. First you need to assemble a cross, the ends of which are continued on adjacent faces. There is no universal technique - everything comes with practice.
2. Next, you need to complete the entire side on which the cross was assembled, and assemble the belt from the parts around it. It is important to ensure that each belt is the same color.
3. Now you need to collect the second belt and go to the opposite side of the cube.
4. We collect the cross on this side in the same way as at the very beginning.
5. We complete the whole side.
6. Now we put the corners of the cube in order - we make the colors on them match the colors of the sides to which they are turned.
7. It remains only to correctly rotate the parts that have only 2 sides. The cube is assembled.

Now you can learn how to solve one of the most popular puzzles in the world. The universal Rubik's cube scheme will help you with this.