Tartaria or how they hid a whole continent. Old maps of Tartaria in the "World History" by Dionysius Petavius

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part Ac ii bordering on Siveria in the north and west, which is called the Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siveria are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siveria and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mughals who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan, living in the northwest of China.

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Asia = Asia

Siberia = Siveria

Moguls = Mughals

SIVER- m. north, esp. in meaning North wind; the siver is blowing, the sivers have gone. a siver and a night owl will pull, a fur coat with a caftan will be pulled into one place. | sivers pl. east sib. northern slopes of mountains; the southern ones are called uvals. siver m. ryaz. siverka ver. sivertsa tul. cold and wet weather, with a northerly wind; | CHICHER, snow with rain and with a piercing wind. siverik m. olon. siver, -ra, northern, cold wind. Siverno Vologda bonfire siverko sev. east cold, sharp, cold wind, north and northeast, winter; damp, piercing weather; with one frost, without wind, it is not said. in the yard it sivers, severes, blows from the north.

(Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl)

Without a doubt, Christopher Columbus was not the first to discover America.

And e naturally he knew where to go.

Christopher Columbus(ital. Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristobal Colon, lat. Christophorus Columbus; autumn 1451, the island of Corsica, the Republic of Genoa (according to one version) - May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) - Spanish navigator and discoverer of new lands. He is best known for his discovery of America (1492).

Chinese map of the world, copied in 1763 from a 1418 original

(Also applied - North and South Pole)

The continent Daaria (Hyperborea) on the map of Mercator, XVI century

Many cartographers have tried to unravel the mystery of this map. Researchers had insurmountable difficulties in understanding it because in working on it, Mercator used three different sources - three different maps made by different cartographers, in different projections and with different levels of accuracy. But the main feature that the researchers did not see, and Mercator himself did not take into account when compiling his own map, was that the primary source maps depicted the region of the Arctic Basin at different periods of the geological history of the Earth. Some reflected the outlines of Hyperborea and the continents surrounding it before the flood and the deviation of the Earth's axis, others after. As a result, confusion reigns on the map of G. Mercator, which the researchers have not been able to figure out. http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3176374/post154245483/

Bering Strait

The strait is named after the Russian navigator Vitus Bering (born in Denmark), who passed through this strait in 1728; the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Bering, Semyon Dezhnev passed, after whom the cape in the strait was named.

And what did ancient cartographers refer to when they so confidently and boldly drew Daaria, the strait and the western continent, not to mention the south pole?

Columbus used someone else's notes when he was planning an expedition to the west.What was his mission?Why did the Spanish government send its faithful servant to the continent they led?I think many already guess.

Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit America. A new continent was discovered by a Venetian merchant Marco Polo. This conclusion was reached by US FBI historians who have studied the map stored in the Library of the National Congress in Washington since 1943, reports Newsru.com.

A detailed examination of the map under infrared rays showed that there are three layers of ink, which indicates that changes have been made to it, that is, it has been finalized.

If this map is really drawn by the hand of a Venetian merchant, then Marco Polo visited America two centuries before Christopher Columbus. There is an opinion that, having returned to Venice in 1295 from his long journey through Asia, Marco Polo brought with him the first information about the existence of North America.

Thus, he was the first to draw the space separating Asia from America, which appeared on European maps only 400 years later.

Before he died, Marco Polo told his friends around him that he wrote "only half of what he saw" during his travels in Asia. http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/79580/cat/37/

TARTARIAE SIVE MAGNI CHAMI REGNI. 1570

Published at Antwerp 1584. Much of the information on the map is related to Marco Polo's travels between 1275 and 1291, and the refinement of information received from Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in 1540 from Japan.

strettodi Anian = Strait of Anian (Marco Polo)

El streto de Anian = Anian Strait (Mercator)

Long before Bering, the strait between Asia and America was already known.

The question is - why European countries did not master Alaska?

Vaugondy. Map of North America, 1750

Russian America- the totality of the possessions of the Russian Empire in North America, which included Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, the Alexander Archipelago and settlements on the Pacific coast of the modern United States (Fort Ross).

Russian America in 1860

In the summer of 1784, an expedition under the command of G. I. Shelikhov (1747-1795) landed on the Aleutian Islands. In 1799 Shelikhov and Rezanov founded Russian-American company, which was managed by A. A. Baranov (1746-1818). The company hunted for sea otters and traded in their fur, founded its own settlements and trading posts.

Since 1808, the capital of Russian America has become Novo-Arkhangelsk. In fact, the management of the American territories is carried out by the Russian-American Company, whose main headquarters was in Irkutsk, officially Russian America was first included in the Siberian Governor General, later (in 1822) in the East Siberian Governor General.

The population of all Russian colonies in America reached 40,000 [source not specified 779 days] people, Aleuts predominated among them.

The southernmost point in America where the Russian colonists settled was Fort Ross, 80 km north of San Francisco in California. Spanish and then Mexican colonists prevented further advance to the south.

Fort Ross, California

In 1824, the Russian-American Convention was signed, which fixed the southern border of the possessions of the Russian Empire in Alaska at a latitude of 54 ° 40'N. The convention also confirmed the holdings of the United States and Great Britain (until 1846) in Oregon.

Signed in 1824 Anglo-Russian convention on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia). Under the terms of the Convention, a boundary line was established separating British possessions from Russian possessions on the western coast of North America, adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula, so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastal strip belonging to Russia, from 54 ° N. latitude. to 60° N, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the curves of the coast. Thus, the line of the Russian-British border in this place was not straight (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and Yukon), but extremely winding.

In January 1841, Fort Ross was sold to Mexican citizen John Sutter. And in 1867, the United States bought Alaska for $7,200,000. en.wikipedia.org

What prevented the French, Spaniards, Portuguese, Mexicans, etc. from mastering the northwestern part of America? Why only Russians, at the end of the 18th century, managed to do this without any serious problems?Because of the cold? Take a close look at the map below:

Historical Map of the World- Globe Terrestre, 1690

The West has sailed to cold Greenland, but even knowing the Bering Strait, they are unable to outline Alaska. Paradox.

Map of North America from the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica

As you can see, even after 80 years the situation has not changed.

One gets the impression that the northwest of America is surrounded by an invisible barrier.

First edition Encyclopedia "Britanic" for 1771, tells about the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria.

Maybe the territory of the northwestern part of America belonged to her?

I-e Carte de l "Asie. Jean Palairet,1754

enlarge picture

The "Geography" section of the Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of ​​these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London.

ASIA: Turkey, Arabia, Persia, India, China, Asiatic Islands, Tartaria

Tartary :

1. Chinese = 644,000 square miles = capital city of Chinyang

2. Independent = 778,290 square miles = capital Samarkand

3. Muscovite = 3,050,000 square miles = capital Tobolsk

Encyclopedia Britannica

The history of this unique edition began in Edinburgh in 1768, when publisher and bookseller Colin MacFarquhar, engraver Andrew Bell and editor William Smellie, inspired by the success of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedia, founded the Society of Scottish Gentlemen to create their own encyclopedia, main feature which at first was supposed to be the alphabetical arrangement of the material and more attention to everyday, practical issues. By 1771, subscribers received all three volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which became the first complete universal encyclopedia in history (work on Diderot's Encyclopedia, as is known, was completed only in 1780). The talent of the publishers and authors of the Britannica, among whom were Benjamin Franklin and William Locke, brought a remarkable result: a three-volume encyclopedia that cost 12 pounds sterling - a considerable amount at that time! - Sold 3,000 copies!

Inspired by the success, the publishers undertook in 1777-1784. second edition, this time in 10 volumes...

http://www.gpntb.ru/win/inter-events/crimea94/report/prog_49r.html

In the second edition, there is no longer a single mention of TARTARY, as if this vast country had never existed. What terrible thing happened between 1771 and 1784? For some reason, Catherine II comes to mind, who commanded cast into oblivion Pugachevsky bunt.

In the possession of Catherine II was only Muscovy. In other words, European Russia.

Muscovy on the map of 1717

In the Encyclopædia Britannica Russia and Tartary Muscovite named together as Russian Empire

Tartary Muscovite is Moscow Tartaria, in other words Russian Tartaria

Muscovite(English muscovite, from Muscovy - Muscovy - the ancient name of Russia, from where large sheets of this mineral called "Moscow glass" were exported to the West), a mineral from the mica group, the chemical composition is KAl2 (OH)2. Tabular crystals of the monoclinic system.

Russian map of Asia 1737

Tataria Free, Tataria Chinese, Tataria Russian

In Europe RUSSIA

The Encyclopædia Britannica says the same:

1.Chinese Tartary
2. IndependentTartary
3. MuscoviteTartary

In order not to have a false idea that only the West calls Tartaria Tartaria, I give a fragment of Remizov's map:

On the map of Asia in 1737, we also noticed the Mughal State and Arabia, which for some reason is now translated as Arabia - Arabia.

Mughal Empire(self-name Persian گورکانیان‎ - Gurkâniyân) - headed by the rulers of Turkic origin (the great Mughals, and correctly pronouncing the mughals - "mugally") a state on the territory of modern India, Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, which existed from 1526 to 1858 (actually until the middle of the 19th century )... en.wikipedia.org

Mongolia on the Russian map of 1737 - no. Where it came from, we will see below.

Emblem of the Tartar Empire

Tartarine

Coat of arms of Little Tartaria

4th Carte de l "Europe divise" e en ses Principaux Etats, 1755

Malaya Tartaria near Sea of ​​Azov

Qing Empire, 1765

Qing Dynasty, or Qing empire (Daiqing Gurun, whale. 清朝, pinyin Qing Chao, pall. qing chao) is a multinational empire created and ruled by the Manchus, which later included China. According to traditional Chinese historiography, the last dynasty of monarchical China. It was founded in 1616 by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, now called northeastern China. In less than 30 years, all of China, part of Mongolia and part of Central Asia came under her rule.

As a result Xinhai Revolution that began in 1911, the Qing Empire was destroyed, the countries included in it received the right to self-determination. In particular, the Republic of China, the national state of the Han, was proclaimed. The Empress Dowager abdicated on behalf of the then infant last emperor, Pu Yi, on February 12, 1912.

China, 1880

Chinese Empire, 1910

Great Wall

Chinese & Independent Tartary

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part Asia bordering on Siveria in the north and west, which is called the Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siveria are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siveria and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mughals who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan, living in the northwest of China.

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Siberia = Siveria

Moguls = Mughals

SIVER- m. north, esp. in meaning North wind; the siver is blowing, the sivers have gone. a siver and a night owl will pull, a fur coat with a caftan will be pulled into one place. | sivers pl. east sib. northern slopes of mountains; the southern ones are called uvals. siver m. ryaz. siverka ver. sivertsa tul. cold and wet weather, with a northerly wind; | CHICHER, snow with rain and with a piercing wind. siverik m. olon. siver, -ra, northern, cold wind. Siverno Vologda bonfire siverko sev. east cold, sharp, cold wind, north and northeast, winter; damp, piercing weather; with one frost, without wind, it is not said. in the yard it sivers, severes, blows from the north.

(Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl)

Without a doubt, Christopher Columbus was not the first to discover America. And of course, he knew where to go. Christopher Columbus(ital. Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristobal Colon, lat. Christophorus Columbus; autumn 1451, the island of Corsica, the Republic of Genoa (according to one version) - May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) - Spanish navigator and discoverer of new lands. He is best known for his discovery of America (1492).

Chinese map of the world, copied in 1763 from the original of 1418 (Also plotted are the North and South Poles)

The continent Daaria (Hyperborea) on the map of Mercator, XVI century

Many cartographers have tried to unravel the mystery of this map. Insurmountable difficulties in understanding it arose among researchers because in working on it, Mercator used three different sources - three different maps made by different cartographers, in different projections and with different levels of accuracy. But the main feature that the researchers did not see, and Mercator himself did not take into account when compiling his own map, was that the primary source maps depicted the region of the Arctic Basin at different periods of the geological history of the Earth. Some reflected the outlines of Hyperborea and the continents surrounding it before the flood and the deviation of the Earth's axis, others after. As a result, confusion reigns on the map of G. Mercator, which the researchers have not been able to figure out. http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3176374/post154245483/

Bering Strait

The strait is named after the Russian navigator Vitus Bering (born in Denmark), who passed through this strait in 1728; the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Bering, Semyon Dezhnev passed, after whom the cape in the strait was named.

And what did ancient cartographers refer to when they so confidently and boldly drew Daaria, the strait and the western continent, not to mention the south pole?

Columbus used someone else's notes when he was planning an expedition to the west. What was his mission? Why did the Spanish government send its faithful servant to the continent they led? I think many already guess.

Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit America. A new continent was discovered by a Venetian merchant Marco Polo. This conclusion was reached by US FBI historians who have studied the map stored in the Library of the National Congress in Washington since 1943, reports Newsru.com.

A detailed examination of the map under infrared rays showed that there are three layers of ink, which indicates that changes have been made to it, that is, it has been finalized. If this map is really drawn by the hand of a Venetian merchant, then Marco Polo visited America two centuries before Christopher Columbus. There is an opinion that, having returned to Venice in 1295 from his long journey through Asia, Marco Polo brought with him the first information about the existence of North America. Thus, he was the first to draw the space separating Asia from America, which appeared on European maps only 400 years later. Before he died, Marco Polo told his friends around him that he wrote "only half of what he saw" during his travels in Asia. http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/79580/cat/37/

TARTARIAE SIVE MAGNI CHAMI REGNI. 1570

Published at Antwerp 1584. Much of the information on the map is related to Marco Polo's travels between 1275 and 1291, and the refinement of information received from Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in 1540 from Japan.

Stretto di Anian = Anian Strait (Marco Polo)

El streto de Anian = Anian Strait (Mercator)

Long before Bering, the strait between Asia and America was already known.

The question is - why European countries did not master Alaska?

Vaugondy. Map of North America, 1750

Russian America- the totality of the possessions of the Russian Empire in North America, which included Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, the Alexander Archipelago and settlements on the Pacific coast of the modern USA (Fort Ross).

Russian America in 1860

In the summer of 1784, an expedition under the command of G. I. Shelikhov (1747-1795) landed on the Aleutian Islands. In 1799 Shelikhov and Rezanov founded Russian-American company, which was managed by A. A. Baranov (1746-1818). The company hunted for sea otters and traded in their fur, founded its settlements and trading posts. Since 1808, the capital of Russian America has become Novo-Arkhangelsk. In fact, the management of American territories is carried out by the Russian-American Company, whose main headquarters was in Irkutsk, officially Russian America is included first in the Siberian Governor General, later (in 1822) in the East Siberian Governor General. The population of all Russian colonies in America reached 40,000 [source not specified 779 days] people, among them the Aleuts prevailed. The southernmost point in America, where the Russian colonists settled, was Fort Ross, 80 km north of San Francisco in California. Spanish and then Mexican colonists prevented further advance to the south. Fort Ross, California In 1824, the Russian-American Convention was signed, which fixed the southern border of the possessions of the Russian Empire in Alaska at a latitude of 54 ° 40'N. The convention also confirmed the holdings of the United States and Great Britain (until 1846) in Oregon.

Signed in 1824 Anglo-Russian convention on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia). Under the terms of the Convention, a boundary line was established separating British possessions from Russian possessions on the western coast of North America, adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula, so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastal strip belonging to Russia, from 54 ° N. latitude. to 60° N, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the curves of the coast. Thus, the line of the Russian-British border was not straight in this place (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and Yukon), but extremely winding. In January 1841, Fort Ross was sold to Mexican citizen John Sutter. And in 1867, the United States bought Alaska for $7,200,000. en.wikipedia.org

What prevented the French, Spaniards, Portuguese, Mexicans, etc. from mastering the northwestern part of America? Why only Russians, at the end of the 18th century, managed to do this without any serious problems? Because of the cold? Take a close look at the map below:

Historical Map of the World - Globe Terrestre, 1690

The West has sailed to cold Greenland, but even knowing the Bering Strait, they are unable to outline Alaska. Paradox.

Map of North America from the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica

As you can see, even after 80 years the situation has not changed.

One gets the impression that the northwest of America is surrounded by an invisible barrier.

The first edition of the Encyclopedia "Britanic" for 1771, tells about the largest country in the world - Great Tartary.

Maybe the territory of the northwestern part of America belonged to her?

The "Geography" section of the Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of ​​these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London.

ASIA: Turkey, Arabia, Persia, India, China, Asiatic Islands, Tartaria

Tartary: 1. Chinese = 644,000 square miles = capital city of Chinyan2. Independent = 778,290 square miles = capital Samarkand3. Muscovite = 3,050,000 square miles = capital Tobolsk

Encyclopedia Britannica

The history of this unique edition began in Edinburgh in 1768, when publisher and bookseller Colin MacFarquhar, engraver Andrew Bell and editor William Smellie, inspired by the success of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedia, founded the Society of Scottish Gentlemen in order to create their own encyclopedia, the main feature of which at first it was supposed to be an alphabetical arrangement of the material and more attention to everyday, practical issues. By 1771, subscribers received all three volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which became the first complete universal encyclopedia in history (work on Diderot's Encyclopedia, as is known, was completed only in 1780). The talent of the publishers and authors of the Britannica, among whom were Benjamin Franklin and William Locke, brought a remarkable result: a three-volume encyclopedia that cost 12 pounds sterling - a considerable amount at that time! - sold out with a circulation of 3,000 copies! Inspired by the success, the publishers undertook in 1777-1784. second edition, this time in 10 volumes...

http://www.gpntb.ru/win/inter-events/crimea94/report/prog_49r.html

In the second edition, there is no longer a single mention of TARTARY, as if this vast country had never existed. What terrible thing happened between 1771 and 1784? For some reason, Catherine II comes to mind, who commanded cast into oblivion Pugachev rebellion.

In the possession of Catherine II was only Muscovy. In other words, European Russia.

Muscovy on the map of 1717

In the Encyclopædia Britannica Russia and Tartary Muscovite named together as Russian Empire Tartary Muscovite is Moscow Tartaria, in other words Russian Tartaria

Muscovite(English muscovite, from Muscovy - Muscovy - the ancient name of Russia, from where large sheets of this mineral called "Moscow glass" were exported to the West), a mineral from the mica group, the chemical composition is KAl2 (OH)2. Tabular crystals of the monoclinic system.

Russian map of Asia 1737

Tataria Free, Tataria Chinese, Tataria Russian

In Europe RUSSIA

Encyclopædia Britannica says the same: 1. Chinese Tartary 2. Independent Tartary 3. Muscovite Tartary

In order not to have a false idea that only the West calls Tartaria Tartaria, I give a fragment of Remizov's map:

On the map of Asia in 1737, we also noticed the Mughal State and Arabia, which for some reason is now translated as Arabia - Arabia.

Mughal Empire(self-name Persian گورکانیان‎ - Gurkâniyân) - headed by the rulers of Turkic origin (the great Mughals, and correctly pronouncing the mughals - "mugally") a state on the territory of modern India, Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, which existed from 1526 to 1858 (actually until the middle of the 19th century )... en.wikipedia.org Mongolia on the Russian map of 1737 - no. Where it came from, we will see below.

Emblem of the Tartar Empire

Tartarine

Coat of arms of Little Tartaria

4th Carte de l "Europe divise" e en ses Principaux Etats, 1755

Malaya Tartaria near the Sea of ​​Azov

Qing Empire, 1765 Qing Dynasty, or Qing empire (Daiqing Gurun, whale. 清朝, pinyin Qing Chao, pall. qing chao listen)) is a multinational empire created and ruled by the Manchus, which later included China. According to traditional Chinese historiography, the last dynasty of monarchical China. It was founded in 1616 by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, now called northeastern China. In less than 30 years, all of China, part of Mongolia and part of Central Asia came under her rule.

As a result Xinhai Revolution that began in 1911, the Qing Empire was destroyed, the countries included in it received the right to self-determination. In particular, the Republic of China, the national state of the Han, was proclaimed. The Empress Dowager abdicated on behalf of the then infant last emperor, Pu Yi, on February 12, 1912.

China, 1880

Chinese Empire, 1910

Great Wall

Tartaria, 1814

Chinese & Independent Tartary

A New Map of China & Independent Tartary John Cary, 1806

Tartarie Chinoise

Tartares Mancheoux = Manchu Tartars

Tartares mogols and nearby Mongous

Tartarie Russienne outside Chinese Tartaria

Chinese medieval historians of the Tatars (in a broad sense) were divided into three parts:

White Tatars- nomads living south of the Gobi Desert along the Great Wall of China. Most of them were onguts. They were under the influence of Chinese culture, and politically subordinated to the Khitans, and later to the Jurchens. Black Tatars lived in the steppe and were engaged in cattle breeding. They obeyed their "natural" khans and despised the White Tatars because "they sold their freedom to strangers for silk rags." The Black Tatars included the Keraites and the Mongols. Wild Tatars- South Siberian tribes of hunters and fishermen (forest peoples), including the Uriankhai. They did not know the khan's power and were ruled by the elders.

In the Russian Empire the ethnonym Tatars was used for many Turkic-speaking peoples who inhabited the state:

Turko-Tatars, Transcaucasian Tatars, Azerbaijani / Aderbeidzhan Tatars (Azerbaijanis) - Mountain Tatars (Karachays and Balkars) - Nogai Tatars (Nogais) - Abakan Tatars (Khakass) - Kazan Tatars (Mishars, Kazan Tatars, Teptyars) - Crimean Tatars (Crimeans )Today, almost all of these peoples do not use the ethnonym Tatars, with the exception of the Kazan Tatars with the Republic of Tatarstan of the same name and the Crimean Tatars, who use two self-names: qırımtatarlar (literally Crimean Tatars) and qırımlar (literally Crimeans).

In Western Europe about the "Tatars" they started talking already at the First Council of Lyons (1245). From then until the 18th century, and sometimes even later, Western Europeans collectively called all Asian nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples "Tartars" (lat. Tartari, fr. Tartares). Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars. The most famous book that informed contemporaries about the victory of the Manchus over Ming China was Martino Martini's De bello Tartarico historia ("History of the Tatar War") (1654).

Engraving depicting a "Tartar" (Manchurian) warrior from the title page of the book Martino Martini"The legend of the devastation of China by the Tartars" ( Regni Sinensis a Tartaris devastati enarratio. Amsterdam, 1661). The drawing is criticized by modern historians (Pamela Crossley, David Mungello) as not corresponding to the content of the book: for example, a Manchu warrior holds a severed head by a scythe, although it was the Manchus (and the Chinese conquered by them), and not the Chinese who were still fighting on the side of the Ming dynasty, who wore the scythes ... en.wikipedia.org

Historical atlas, 1820 Four Tartaria are marked on the map: INDEPENDENT TARTARY CHINES TARTARY SIBERIA OR RUSSIAN TARTARY and Little tartary of the Encyclopedia Britannica after its first edition of 1771, then mysteriously silent about three Tartaria in Asia and one small one in Europe, near the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. Why such an unfriendly policy?

Independent & Chinese Tartary. Philip & Son, 1852-56 (Chinese frontier runs along the Wall)

Cetral Asia, 1840 (Independent Tartary)

(Dzungaria, Mongolia, Manchuria, Chinese Turkestan, Tibet and China)

Cetral Asia (Russian Turkestan) Conventionally, Turkestan was divided into Western (Russian), Eastern (Chinese), Southern (northern parts of Afghanistan and Iran). Tartars are no longer mentioned

Three Tartaria is the Great Tartaria

AT World War 1773-1775 was destroyed Russian Tartaria. The remaining two Asian Tartaria (Independent and Chinese) existed until the end of the 19th century. Independent Tartaria simply turned into Turkestan or Central Asia. And what about the Chinese Empire is worth thinking about ...

McNally Map of Asia, 1876

CHINESE EMPIRE is written in capital letters, but CHINESE TARTARY also stretched out in it

Independent Tartaria is here called Turkestan

Finley Map of Asia, 1827

The Chinese Empire consists of Chinese Tartaria and China

Great Thibet separately

Chinese Tartaria includes:

Dzungaria, Mongolia, Manchuria and East Turkestan

On this map, Tibet is not included in her possessions.

Russian Empire, 1825Before Revolutions of 1911 year, the Chinese border extended to the Great Wall of China. And the Chinese Empire is nothing but Chinese Tartaria and China.

I repeat

Tartaria Chinese

(Dzungaria, Mongolia, Manchuria, Chinese Turkestan, Tibet)

Together with China, the Chinese Empire is formed

The empire is destroyed, and therefore Chinese Tartaria is destroyed

Mongolia becomes independent with Taiwan

The Chinese chop off a decent piece.

And what happened to Malaya Tartaria?

III-e Carte de l "Europe. 1754

Political regions of Ukraine in 2004-2010

Lesser Tartaria became the Eastern part of Ukraine...

Part of Russia.

Still, something is not right.

Mongolian Empire, 1867

Malte-Brun Map of the Mongolian Empire, 1861

In Russian pre-revolutionary history books, they also wrote about the Mongol Empire

Where did such nonsense come from?

In A Museum for Young Gentlemen and Ladies, reprinted in 1799, we read the following lines: TARTARY, which is the same country as the ancient Scythia..."- Tartaria, which is the same country as ancient Scythia...

Emblem of the Mongol Empire?

If so, then the Tatar-Mongols used a computer! The drawing is clearly modern and created using a well-known computer program. It turns out that the Mongol Empire has neither a flag nor a coat of arms. Medieval writers and cartographers never mention the existence of this Great Empire that conquered half the world.

But the real empire grande tartarie for some reason everyone forgot. Even despite the fact that a lot has been written about her. Dozens of cards, books, tartar drawings...

The most interesting thing is that the word "Tartaria" is not found in modern history textbooks.

Although in the History for the 6th grade "Enlightenment", in the 5th edition of 1999, on page 244, there is an old world map "Typus Orbis Terrarum". Daaria, the South Pole and the word Tartaria near the Ural Mountains. True, only the most big-eyed will be able to see this word - the quality is unimportant. In addition, it will not say much to a zombified person.

Russian Asia- a stable geopolitical concept, very popular in the intellectual and business circles of the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and others. In a simple sense - the territory of the Russian Federation in the Asian part of the Euro-Asian continent.

Russian Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk, was the main Tartary. The Chinese, Independent and Little Tartaries broke away from it. Also Muscovy. And even earlier the whole of Western Europe. But then Tartaria was called differently: Scythia and Sarmatia.

However, for the Slavic-Aryans, this country has always been Great Asia or Rasenia.

Complete the article with maps.

Approximately at the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartaria was defeated in the World War, known to us from the school history course as the “Pugachev Uprising” of 1773-1775, this name on the maps began to be gradually replaced by the Russian Empire, however, Independent and Chinese Tartaria was still displayed until the beginning of the 19th century. After this time, the word Tartaria disappears from the maps altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartaria began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In Russian, on the other hand, maps with Tartaria have generally remained negligible, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe" and a map of Asia of 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about the Great Empire of the Rus was carefully concealed.

However, something still remained and finally reached the broad masses. One of the most significant works are the books and maps of the outstanding Russian cartographer and chronicler of Siberia, Semyon Remezov. In 1696, Remezov was entrusted with drawing up a drawing of the entire Siberian land. This activity marked the beginning of unique studies that have come down to us in the form of geographical atlases "Chorographic drawing book" (1697-1711), "Drawing book of Siberia" (1699-1701) and "Service drawing book of Siberia" (1702), as well as annalistic books "Chronicle Siberian Brief Kungur" and "History Siberian" and ethnographic works "Description of the Siberian peoples and the faces of their lands."

The geographical atlases that Remezov compiled simply amaze the imagination with the coverage of territories that were subject to careful study. But this happened at a time when people had only a horse from the “high-speed” means of transportation. In addition, Remezov's materials amaze with the variety of information about the culture, economy, customs and habits of the peoples of Siberia. Yes, and they are decorated with great artistic taste and contain luxurious illustrations. The "Drawing Book of Siberia" by Semyon Remezov and his three sons can be safely called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps, covering the entire territory of Siberia and distinguished by the abundance and detail of information. The book contains handwritten drawings of the lands: the City of Tobolsk and suburbs with streets, Tobolsk city, Tara city, Tyumen city, Turin prison, Vekhotursky city, Pelymsky city, and other cities and environs.

In the absence of a meridian grid, Remezov tied his cartographic images to a network of river and land routes. He obtained information on his "business trips", asked other service people, local residents and travelers. According to his own testimony, from such inquiries, he learned “the measure of the land and the distance of the path of cities, their villages and volosts, learned about rivers, rivers and lakes and about the Pomeranian shores, bays and islands and sea crafts and about all sorts of tracts.” On the maps, he marked in detail all the rivers and rivers of Siberia from peaks to mouths, along with their tributaries, as well as oxbow lakes, reaches, islands, fords, shoals, ferries, portages, mills, bridges, marinas, wells, swamps, lakes. He drew the land summer and winter roads with a dotted line, and marked the portages for days: “He dragged the reindeer with pine forests for four days, and up the“ Chudtsky letter ”copied from the Irbit hand-written stone. Sosva go two weeks. Remezov also used the original system symbols, among which: a city, a Russian village, yurts, an ulus, a mosque, a winter hut, a cemetery, a prayer place, burial mounds, guards, pillars (rocky weathering figures). In general, the array of information that three generations of the Remezovs have collected is incredibly huge.

Unfortunately, it took as much as 300 years for the descendants to see the work of life of these Russian people. The last entry in it was made in 1730, after which it disappeared from view. It is known that the next time she was seen in 1764 in the personal library of Catherine II. Then it migrated to the Hermitage, and in the middle of the 19th century it was transferred to the Public Library of St. Petersburg. And since then only very narrow specialists have known about it. Another work by Remezov, “Chorographic Drawing Book” (primary drawing materials), ended up overseas at all. In 1919, it was taken out by an emigrant - the historian of cartography L.S. Bagrov. It surfaced in 1958 and is now in the library of Harvard University in Cambridge (USA) in the Gufton Library.
Let's try to summarize the above. Great Tartaria, a huge country that occupied almost the entire Eurasian continent and existed at the end of the 18th century, was precisely a country, not a territory, as some “researchers” are trying to present. They argue their point of view by the fact that the English word country means both a country and a territory, which means that Great Tartaria was just a territory, and not a country at all. However, this approach to the topic of the existence or non-existence of a huge power on the Eurasian continent raises several questions.

First, why do critics of the existence of the state of Great Tartaria take English as a basis? After all, a large number of encyclopedias in the 17-18 centuries were published in French, which at that time was international, and only then they were translated into English. The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica came out only at the end of the 18th century, in 1771. And in the French encyclopedias that appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, Great Tartaria is called exactly the country - PaÏs in Middle French, and this word has one meaning - the country.

Secondly, in the same British Encyclopedia, in the "Geography" section, there is a table in which the authors of the encyclopedia listed all the countries known to them and indicated their areas and capitals. And the capitals of Tartaria are named there, but, as we understand, there cannot be near the territory of the capital. So, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, there are three Tartaria in Asia. Moscow with its capital in Tobolsk - an area of ​​3,050,000 square miles (three times larger than the state of Russia with its capital in St. Petersburg - 1,103,485 square miles). Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand and an area of ​​778,290 square miles and Chinese Tartaria with its capital in Chinuan with an area of ​​644,000 square miles. The authors of the British encyclopedia could not say anything about the states located to the east of Moscow Tartaria, but they were, and this is mentioned in passing in the French encyclopedias.

Another example. Here is what is said about the Great Tartaria in the Dutch encyclopedia in French from 7 volumes “Historical Atlas or a new introduction to history, chronology and geography, ancient and modern ...” by Henri Abraham Chatelain (1684-1743), first published in Amsterdam 1705. It presents new maps of that time, articles about the history of the emergence of states and empires of the world, their rise and fall and their rulers. In the fifth volume of this encyclopedia, on page 87, there is a map of Great Tartaria with explanations in the upper right corner, which read: “This Tartaria is called Great to distinguish it from Small, which is part of Europe. Its size is significant, if taken from the border of Circassie to the canal or strait of Picko, which, according to observations made by the Jesuits sent to Siam, is at a longitude much less than the 69 to 192 degrees in which it is usually placed. . In this country, there are very few people living in proportion to its vast [territory]: there are few cities and many deserts. In very many places the land there is uncultivated and only closer to the center it produces the best rhubarb in the world. There are many polar bears, ermines and sables, whose fur forms the basis of the country's trade.

And further: “Tartaria, which until now has been an absolutely unknown country, both for geographers and historians, is presented here exactly within its natural boundaries thanks to the efforts famous mr Witsen, who presented us with an exact map from which an exact copy was made. The famous 400-lea-long wall that separates it from China could not stop the Tartars from invading and, to the chagrin of the Chinese, becoming the masters of their country in 1645. However, there are still many rulers in Tartaria, whose names or places of residence are still unknown. In the center of this vast country are free peoples who do not have a permanent place of residence, but who live on open area on carts and tents. These people are distributed into troops, which are called Hordes.

In the same place: “It is believed that Tartaria consists of several kingdoms and they say that more than a thousand years ago typographic art was invented in the kingdom of Tangut. It is difficult to say exactly when the Tartars became the masters of the entire country, which is located between Tanais and Borisfen and, which today is called Little Tartaria. But as for China, the war waged by the Tartars with this country began in 2341 BC. According to the Jesuit father Mareni, who in 1655 claimed that the Tartars had been continuously at war with the Chinese for 4,000 years. In 1280, the Tartars became the masters of China, and then the Iven clan began to rule there for 89 years. Until 1369, the Chinese expelled the Tartars and the throne was occupied by rulers by nationality and from the Mim clan. In 1645, Tartars, led by King Xunchi, who is called the Great Khan, again captured the Chinese Empire. The clan of the Tartar prince reigns there to this day ... "

In general, it should be noted that the listed historical information for the most part leaves us somewhat perplexed by its fragmentary, superficial and, in general, illiteracy of the description of a huge rich country, and gives rise to more questions than they give answers. Yes, and more and more is being said about China than about Tartaria, but still there are some interesting points. It refers to the existence of several Tartar rulers, and therefore, possibly, states, but who they are and what kind of states they are, what are the relations between them and the metropolis, where their capitals are located, the authors do not know for the above reason. Therefore, in the notes, we are talking more and more about China, which was flooded in the 17th century by the Jesuits and who could get information both about China's relations with its northern neighbor, and some crumbs about the northernmost neighbor. Although these crumbs are surprising.

The information about the war of the Tartars with the Chinese, which lasted not even decades - millennia, is striking! It lasted even after the heavy war with China, which took place more than 7000 years ago and in honor of the victory, in which our ancestors introduced a new calendar - counting from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (see footnote about SMZH). It is possible that the Jesuit did not mean full-scale fighting, and some conflicts and skirmishes, but constant and for such a long time. Alas, the authors of the encyclopedia did not bother to name the reason why the Tartars were in conflict with the Chinese for so long and stubbornly sought to conquer them. Most likely, they did not know, and perhaps even then they began to create the image of a “terrible northern totalitarian monster” that attacks “little proud birds”. Surprising is the mention of book printing in Tangut, as we understand it, one of the provinces of Tartaria, 1000 years ago. It is a pity that no details are given either.

A certain Guthrie William in the middle of the 18th century published a book in which he verbally described the state of Tartaria and its parts, as well as a brief history of this state. Part of the Great Tartaria at the end of the 15th century was conquered by the Russians (Muscovites). In the 16th century, the Manchus fell away from Tartaria. And by the middle of the 18th century, only memories and three parts remained from the huge state: the Great, Independent and Chinese Tartaria. The capital of Great Tartaria was Tobolsk. Everything roughly agrees with Witsen's 1717 map.

After the defeat of the Great Tartaria in the war of 1773, which was given the name "Pugachev's uprising", the memory of this empire began to be carefully erased, but this could not be done right away. On the maps of the 18th and sometimes the 19th century, she, or her provinces, were still reflected, including the Far East.

From the end of the 20th, the beginning of the 21st century, on the vast territory of the Urals, in large numbers, research groups, consisting of both scientists and local history enthusiasts, began to discover ancient megalithic buildings that allow us to talk about a completely new page not only in the history of our country, but and the whole world. Here you can find all types of megalithic structures known to science. These are menhirs or standing stones, dolmens - stone tables and tombs, cromlechs - arched stone structures and geoglyphs, and the remains of stone cities and amphitheaters hidden by earth and vegetation, and giant walls, and pyramids.

There is also enough evidence that the Scythians fought with Ancient Egypt, founded powerful states in Mesopotamia, Central Asia, Palestine, India and China, that almost the entire continent of Eurasia, up to the Arctic, 5 thousand years ago was occupied by a huge empire - Great Scythia. Relatively recently, people knew that in ancient times the Arctic Ocean was called the Scythian. For example, on the map of Scythia and Seriki by Christopher Cellarius (Christopherus Cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany, on which you can also see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA (Rha) on the left and the Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean at the top. In addition, the results of archaeological excavations have now become widely available, and now we can see the appearance of the Scythians and see for ourselves that there is nothing Iranian, read eastern, in their appearance and not even close.
The fact that Great Scythia - a huge Eurasian empire is the empire of the Rus, whose successor was Great Tartaria, and later the Russian Empire, is written in the excellent book by Yu.D. Petukhov and N.I. Vasilyeva "Eurasian history of the Scythians". It notes, among other things:
- iron processing skills, alphabetical writing, the plots of the Homeric epic were brought to the Greeks by the Scythians in the 9th century BC, that Spartak was by origin a Scythian - a Bosporus prince from the Spartakid dynasty, which explains the extraordinary success of his uprising and the fact that at one time his troops controlled all of Italy, with the exception of Rome;
- in the 8th century BC on the territory of Palestine, the "Greek" city of Scythopolis flourished;
- Russian chronicles tell about the ancestors, the brothers Skif and Zardan, who went to war on the “Egyptian land”;
- evidence of an agreement with Alexander was preserved in Russian chronicles. It says that San, Velikosan, Avelhasan - the princes of the "brave-hearted people of the Slovene, the most glorious and noble Russian tribe" and Alexander the Great delimited spheres of influence, pledging not to enter foreign lands. The territory of the Russians (that is, the Scythians) was recognized as all the lands lying from the Baltic to the Caspian;
- Parthia was created by the Scythians. As a result of excavations of the city of Nisa (near Ashgabat), the capital of the first Arshakids, it was found that a fortress was built in the city "with the latest technology" of the then technology, and palaces overflowing with outstanding works of art: marble and clay statues, bas-reliefs, paintings, products in the Scythian animal style;
- The “Tatar-Mongolian” invasion was an invasion of the Scythian-Siberian pagan Rus, who drew into their mighty “ninth wave” the pagan Tatars, pagan Polovtsy, Rusovalans, secondary pagan Rus of Central Asia ... - the invasion of pagan Rus of Asia on the Rus- Christians of the "feudal-fragmented" Great Vladimir-Suzdal and Kievan Rus.
- Genuine Russian chronicles, not subjected to editing, said the same thing as contemporary foreign sources. In the Chronicle of Joachim, preserved in the transfer of Tatishchev, it is directly stated that the Russians descended from two brothers, Sloven and Scythian. “Sloven went to midnight and created a great city, and the Scythian remained to live in the same place, near Pontus and Meotis”;
- Tatishchev directly named the Scythians as the ancestors of the Russians.
Back in the 17th century in Europe they knew that in Great Tartaria they spoke the Scythian language. In particular, Nicholas Sanson wrote about this in the Atlas of Asia, published in 1653. The Scythians were also the founders and bearers of culture in the Caucasus - from the upper reaches of the Kuban River to modern Dagestan 12-4 century BC, which researchers call Koban, whose material objects are completely covered with a swastika pattern. Neither the Scythians nor the Sarmatians disappeared anywhere, despite the fact that historians constantly repeat this. In ancient times, the clans of the Slavic-Aryans were named after their prince: “And from that time on, by the names of their princes and their cities, I began to call these people Slavs and Rus” (The Legend of Slovene and Rus and the city of Slovensk from the Chronograph of 1679) So the people of the prince Rus, Slovenia, Scythian, Sarmat, etc. were called, respectively, Russ, Slovenes, Scythians, Sarmatians. The latter continue to live on the same territory where they lived all this time - on the territory of their once huge Empire, on the site of which modern Russia is located.

Back in 1854, Yegor Klassen, in his work “New Materials for the Ancient History of the Slavs in General and the Slavic-Russians before the Rurik Age, in Particular with a Light Essay on the History of the Russ Before the Birth of Christ,” proves that the Scythians and Sarmatians, about whom different people wrote at different times Western historians call the same people who spoke the same language: “... Anna Komnena, Kinnam and Konstantin Porphyrogenitus call them Scythians, when all other stories are already called Russ ...
1) The Scythians of Anna Komnenoy, Leo Deacon and Kinnam spoke Russian.
2) The Tauro-Scythians of Constantine Porphyrogenitus spoke Russian.
3) The Great Scythians of Greek writers, according to Nestor, spoke Russian.
4) Sarmatians (Russes) Chalkokondily spoke - Russian.
5) Alana (Rossi) in Georgian history - of course, Russian.
6) The Sarmatians of Pope Sylvester II spoke the Venedian language, and the Venedian language is the dialect of the Slavic.
7) Sarmatians (Yatsigs and Pannonians) of Ammian Marcellinus and Blessed. Joronim was spoken in Slavonic.
8) The Sarmatians (Antes), recognized by all as Slavs, spoke, of course, the Slavic language.
9) The Sarmatians (Serbs) of Pliny and Anton still speak the Slavic language.
10) The Sarmatians (Venedi) of Procopius and Ptolemy, as occupying the same place with the Sarmatians of Pope Sylvester, spoke the same language as the latter, hence Slavic.
11) Sarmatians (Slavs) of various Slavic historians.
12) In general, the Sarmatians of Apendini are Slavic.
13) Alana (Anty) Slavic.
14) Alan in northern France - Slavic ... "
He also wrote that the Scythians-Rus were the most advanced people of the Earth: on the Russes, all those distinctive features that are attested separately for all three of their relative names by historians Phrygian, Greek, Roman and German, and from this grouping of the properties and development of one and the same people, it turns out that the enlightenment of the ancient Russes is both older and higher than the Greek ... "
However, over the past a little over 100 years, this was forgotten, and the Scythians again became a mysterious disappeared people. Here is what Tamara Talbot Rice (1904-1993), nee Abelson, who immigrated from Russia in 1917, writes in the book Scythians: Builders of the Steppe Pyramids: “The Scythians disappeared from the pages of history as suddenly as they appeared, as if they had fallen into a deep well. And although they themselves disappeared, they stirred up the waters of history. The waves dispersed almost all over Europe, and it is hardly surprising that they had the greatest impact on Russia, where their smooth and moving lines are noticeable even in our time ... "

Her book is interesting in that the author analyzed 94 Scythian burials located on a vast territory - in Russia (including the Kuban, Astrakhan, Samara, Urals and Altai), Ukraine, Germany, the Balkans, Romania, Hungary and Mongolia, which confirmed , although it did not set itself such a goal, the existence of Great Scythia once occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia and back in 1771 - the western part of North America, which is confirmed by the map in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, where for cartographers of that time this territory of Great Tartaria ( see also the map of the French cartographer Nicholas Sanson in 1691), the successor of Great Scythia, was a solid white spot, Terra Incognita, just as once for Herodotus the land of the north and east of Eurasia. Unfortunately, the author did not have archaeological data to show the territory of the Scythian state further, to the east, and on the American continent.

We managed to collect such information about the Great Tartaria. There were a lot of them! And this testifies unambiguously in favor of the fact that such a country was in reality. Our vast territory of Siberia and the Far North remains unexplored. And there, it seems, there are enough other facts confirming our conclusions. The world's oldest Ural Mountains also keep many more secrets of the ancient history of our Earth and civilizations that preceded today's.

Maksimenko Yuri
ON THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION

I will also give you some historical information-a riddle.

More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, and so on.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

Here is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was alive, very many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."

For the first time, Tartaria was openly announced on the Russian-language Internet Nikolai Levashov in the second part of his article “The Hushed History of Russia”, published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here is what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia by the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopædia Britannica Britannica, 1771 edition

Article about Tartaria in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1771

A map of Europe from the first, yet uncorrected edition of Britannica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria

Map of Tartaria in the third volume of the first edition of Britannica, 1771

“As follows from the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there was a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (FROMhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartaria (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.

Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

Article on Tartaria in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795

(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy company) - An English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

The main population of this vast expanse were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as "Tatars". Until the middle of the XVII century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islamic (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (in particular, the Nestorian persuasion).

The Turkic Khaganate became the first state formation on the entire territory of Great Tartaria. After the collapse of a single kaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has enough ancient history). By tradition, the Russians continued to call Tatars the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a settled way of life and their isolation in separate states, ethnic groups were formed: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartaria began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the "Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all ended up under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartaria".

At present, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet time Tatar ASSR).

Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartaria

french map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartaria or "The Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartaria (detail). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

ethnographic map Remezov.

Map Great Tartaria 1706.

This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartaria (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia by map Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartaria, 1814.

Tartaria De Lily 1706

Not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius)

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

The atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (FROMhinese Tartary) .

Tartaria on the Dutch map of Asia 1595

Clickable 5000 px

Image of the earth's globe (author's right - associate Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection

And here is the last map, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

According to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, almost all of Siberia formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with the capital in Tobolsk. At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. The question arises: where did this huge state go?
One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be rethought, showing that until the end of the 18th century, a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia, which since the 19th century was excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed...

1754 map "I-e Carte de l'Asie". where the Great Tartaria
.

Map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica for 1771. Where the territory with all the TarkhTarias is signed as Russian Empire.

Here is the "L'Asie" map, 1690, which shows Tartaria Moscow(Tartaria Moscovite)

As we can see, Tarkhtaria (the Russian Empire) included Moscow Tarkhtaria, practically all of China (Chinese Tarkhtaria), Asia (modern Asia) (Independent Tarkhtaria), the Middle East (Jerusalem) and even North America. And this means that both the Chinese Wall and the Chinese pyramids were built by the Russian people.

The same is written in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, “Great Tart aria, it used to be called Scythia ... there is the largest territory in the world, which includes Siberia, Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. That is, Rus' (Kievan Rus), Muscovy (Moscow Tartaria) and EUROPE were only provinces of the Great Tartaria - the RASIqoy Empire.

Great Tartaria

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

In the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there is no mention of the Russian Empire. It says that the largest country in the world, occupying almost all of Eurasia, is Great Tartary.

And the Moscow principality, where by that time the Romanovs had already been placed to rule, is only one of the provinces of this vast empire and is called Moscow Tartaria. There are also maps of Europe and Asia, on which all this is clearly visible.

And in the next edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, all this information is completely missing.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? Where did the greatest empire of our world disappear to? The empire has not disappeared. All mention of her began to quickly disappear!

Many cannot imagine that history, historical documents, annals and maps can be distorted to such an extent that the written history itself turns out to be incredibly far from the actual one. Combined with another favored method of falsification, silence, altered history becomes reality.

If we take into account that in the Middle Ages the number of educated people was generally small, and even fewer historians among them, then ... Stop, but even in Europe there was a dictate of the church, the vast majority of scientific research was either carried out by religious figures themselves, or were under their control. strict control.

In addition, there were various church orders. Maltese, Jesuit, Dominican... The strictest discipline, unquestioning execution of orders from superiors. For disobedience, at times, it was supposed to connect with Heaven through the flame of a fire, so it is unlikely that the scribe monks could deviate from the letter of the order. And in general, at that time the main type of thinking was dogma, blind faith without critical reflection.

How, you say, that all this is not enough to suggest a massive falsification of history throughout Europe and Russia? Okay, then let's get down to the facts, naked and unbiased: the geographical maps of the medieval period.

Collection of maps of Tartaria

The most complete collection of maps with the geopolitical designation of Tartaria. Has 320 cards.

What is special about them? They indicate a large country in the Eurasian space, about which we were not told a WORD either at school or at the university!

You see, there are 320 maps on this resource alone, which is far from exhausting all existing documents. More than three hundred maps showing our country, and we don’t know anything about it. And if anyone heard it, they most likely simply did not believe it.

Well, they can’t falsify or destroy ALL documents, and offer a completely false version of history! Many people think so. Alas, they can falsify and can hide. Which was successfully done by Scaliger and other Jesuits. At least Fomenko and Nosovsky are absolutely right in this!

Therefore, we are offered only a cursory glance at these documents, in which hundreds of authors showed our Motherland: TARTARIA.

P.S. By the way, the video demonstrates the impossibility of completely removing all historical documents related to a certain plot. In this case, Tartaria. Although at that time there were incomparably fewer documents than, say, in the twentieth century.

And now imagine that some ruler of a large state issued some important order, decree, directive in the middle of the last century. Moreover, we are assured that this Directive was strictly and clearly implemented. Hundreds of thousands of officials, police and military were involved in its implementation. According to the Directive, hundreds of railway trains with materials and objects necessary for its implementation were moved. Hundreds of industrial enterprises sent cargoes for the same purpose.

But not a single document has been preserved that would follow the logic of this Directive. Thousands of executive officials made estimates, issued their own directives to subordinates for the successful implementation of the Main Directive, wrote reports on the work done.

But none of this has been preserved, although all the archives have been carefully studied. Also, the text, or reliable testimonies about the existence of the Main Directive, have not been preserved.

Can you imagine that such a number of relatively recent, in comparison with the documents of the Middle Ages, written evidence was completely destroyed? Those. from the Middle Ages, after half a thousand years, something still remains, and in our time, after 50 years, nothing can be found?!

We are assured that this Directive existed. Sorry, it's hard to believe. In fact, I don't believe it at all. I believe in Tartaria, because the facts are there. But the Directive is not.

There are no facts - there was no Directive.

The information is presented on the basis of the data contained in the British Encyclopedia of 1771, on the materials and personal observations of G.K. Kasparov, the world chess champion, as well as on the materials of the book "Reconstruction of World History".

MAP OF EUROPE FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's use the fundamental Encyclopedia Britannica of the end of the 18th century. It was published in 1771, in three voluminous volumes, and is the most comprehensive collection of information from various fields of knowledge at that time. We emphasize that this work was the pinnacle of encyclopedic knowledge of the 18th century. Let's see what kind of information was recorded by the Encyclopædia Britannica in the "Geography" section. In particular, there are five geographical maps Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. See fig.9.1, fig.9.2, fig.9.3, fig.9.4, fig.9.5.

These maps are very carefully crafted. The outlines of continents, rivers, seas, lakes, etc. are carefully depicted. Many city names have been applied. The authors of Encyclopædia Britannica are well aware, for example, of the geography of South America.

MAP OF ASIA FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's look at the map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica. See Figure 9.2. Note that the south of Siberia is divided into INDEPENDENT TATARIA in the west and CHINESE TATARIA in the east. Chinese Tartary borders China. See Figure 9.2. Below we will return to these Tatars or Tartars.

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE 1771 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAIN

Noteworthy is the ABSENCE OF ANY INFORMATION ABOUT THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. See Figure 9.4.

That is, about the part adjacent to Russia. Here, in particular, Alaska is located. We see that Europeans at the end of the 18th century had no idea about these lands. While the rest of North America was well known to them. From the point of view of our reconstruction, this most likely means that the lands of Rus'-Horde were still located here at that time. And independent of the Romanovs.

In the XIX-XX centuries, we see Russian Alaska as the last remnant of these lands. But judging by the map of the 18th century, the area of ​​​​the remnants of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire in North America at that time was MUCH BIGGER. It included almost all of modern Canada, west of Hudson Bay, and part of the north of the United States. See Figure 9.4. By the way, the name Canada (or “New France”, as it says on the map) is present on the map of North America in the 18th century. But it refers only to the vicinity of large lakes in the southeast of modern Canada. That is, to the relatively small southeastern part of modern Canada. See figure 9.4.

If, as we are assured today, only “wild American Indians” lived here, these vast and rich territories would hardly have remained completely unknown to European cartographers EVEN AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY. Could the Indians have prevented European ships from sailing along the northwestern coast of America in order to understand the outlines of a large continent? Hardly. Most likely, a fairly strong state, a fragment of a huge Rus'-Horde, was still located here. Which, like, by the way, Japan at that time, simply did not let Europeans into its territory, and into its territorial waters and seas.

MOSCOW TARTARY OF THE XVIII CENTURY WITH THE CAPITAL IN THE CITY OF TOBOLSK

The "Geography" section of the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of ​​these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6(0), fig.9.6 and fig.9.7.

It is very curious and unexpected that the Russian Empire of that time is considered by the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, judging by this table, AS SEVERAL DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Namely, Russia, with its capital in St. Petersburg and an area of ​​1,103,485 square miles. Then - MOSCOW TARTARY with its capital in TOBOLSK and three times the area, 3,050,000 square miles, volume 2, p.683. See Figure 9.8.

MOSCOW TARTARIA is the largest country in the world, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. All other countries are at least three times smaller than it. In addition, INDEPENDENT TARTARY with its capital in SAMARKAND is indicated, volume 2, p.683. Also named Chinese Tartaria with its capital in Chinyang (Chinuan). Their areas are 778,290 and 644,000 square miles, respectively.

The question arises: what can this mean? Doesn't this mean that before the defeat of Pugachev in 1775, all of Siberia was an independent state from the Romanovs? Or even here there were several states. The largest of which - MOSCOW Tartaria - had its capital in Siberian TOBOLSK. But then the well-known war with Pugachev was by no means the suppression of the allegedly spontaneous "peasant uprising", as we are explained today. It turns out that this was a real war of the Romanovs with the last independent fragments of Rus'-Horde in the east of the Empire. ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV, THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde wouldn't let them in.

By the way, it was only after this that the Romanovs began to "arrange" on the map of Russia the names of countries, famous in the old Russian history - the provinces of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. (Details - in the book "Biblical Rus'"). For example, such names as Perm and Vyatka. In fact, medieval Perm is Germany, and medieval Vyatka is Italy (hence the Vatican). These names of the old provinces of the Empire were present on the medieval Russian coat of arms. But after the split of the Romanov Empire, they began to distort and rewrite the history of Rus'. In particular, it was necessary to move these names from Western Europe somewhere far away, into the wilderness. Which is what was done. But only after the victory over Pugachev. And quite quickly.

In the book "Biblical Rus'", v.1, p.540, it is indicated that the Romanovs began to change the coats of arms of Russian cities and regions only in the second half of the 18th century. Basically, in 1781. As we now begin to understand, six years after the victory over Pugachev, the last independent Horde tsar (or commander of the tsar) of Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Siberian Tobolsk.

MOSCOW TARTARY

Above, we talked about the striking at first glance statement of the Britannica Encyclopedia of 1771, that almost all of Siberia was formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with a capital in Tobolsk, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6, fig.9.7.

At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. See above. This is depicted on many maps of the 18th century. See, for example, one of these maps in Fig.9.9, Fig.9.10, Fig.9.11. We see that Moscow Tartaria began from the middle reaches of the Volga, from Nizhny Novgorod. Thus, Moscow was very close to the border with Moscow Tartary. The capital of Moscow Tartary is the city of Tobolsk, the name of which is underlined on this map and given in the form TOBOL. That is just like in the Bible. Recall that in the Bible Rus' is called ROSH MESHEKH and FUVAL, that is, Ros, Moscow and Tobol. (See the details in the book "Biblical Rus'").

The question arises: where did this huge state go? One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that until the end of the 18th century a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia. Since the 19th century, it has been excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed. As evidenced by maps of the 18th century, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.

But at the end of the 18th century, the situation changed dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, for the first time entered the troops of the newly emerged United States. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, a huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters “Great Tartaria” or “Moscow Tartaria”.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? After all that we have learned about the history of Rus'-Horde, the answer seems to be clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.

THE WAR OF THE ROMANOVS WITH "PUGACHEV" IS A WAR WITH THE HUGE MOSCOW TARTARY

Apparently, the well-known war with Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as we are told today. It was a real major war of the Romanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartaria. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.

It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk (it is also the famous biblical Tubal or Tubal), - THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde just wouldn't let them in. And only after that the Americans for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs apparently did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia. But in the end they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly. Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the huge territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.

Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. It is amazing that this "feast of the victors" was completely erased from the pages of history textbooks. In fact, it never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.

By the way, the Encyclopedia Britannica reports that in the 18th century there was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand, volume 2, p.682-684. As we now understand, it was another huge "fragment" of the Great Rus'-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries. Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the 19th century. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name "Central Asia". The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868, part 3, p.309. The entire war lasted four years: 1864-1868.

Let's go back to the 18th century. Let's see how North America and Siberia were depicted on maps of the 18th century before Pugachev. That is, earlier than 1773-1775. It turns out that the western part of the North American continent is NOT SHOWN AT ALL on these maps. The European cartographers of that time SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW HOW the western half of the N American continent looked like. They didn’t even know if it connected with Siberia, or there was a strait there. Moreover, it is very strange that the American government "for some reason" did not show any interest in these neighboring lands. Although at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries this interest suddenly, out of nowhere, appeared. And it was very stormy. Is it because these lands suddenly became "no one's"? And it was necessary to hurry up in order to have time to capture them before the Romanovs. Who did the same from the West.

BEFORE PUGACHEV'S DEFEAT, EUROPEANS DIDN'T KNOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST AND NORTH-WEST OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE GIANT "WHITE SPOT" AND THE CALIFORNIA PENINSULA AS "ISLAND"

Let's turn to the maps of North America. Let's start with a map from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, which took into account the latest achievements in geographical science of that time. That is, we repeat, the very end of the XVIII century. But - BEFORE PUGACHEV. The full map is shown by us above in Figure 9.4. In Figure 9.12 we present its enlarged fragment. We see that the entire northwestern part of the North American continent, by no means only Alaska, is a huge "blank spot" overlooking the ocean. Even the coastline is not marked! Consequently, until 1771 no European ship passed along these coasts. One such pass would be sufficient to carry out at least a rough cartographic survey. And after that we are told that Russian Alaska, located in this part of North America, was allegedly subordinate to the Romanovs at that time. If this were the case, then on European maps the coastline would certainly be depicted. Instead, we see here the curious words written by European cartographers on the American "blank spot": Undiscovered lands (Parts Undiscovered). See Figure 9.12.

Let's take a little earlier English map, dated 1720 or later, compiled in London, pp.170-171. See figure 9.13. Here, too, a significant part of the North American continent is a "white spot". On which it is written: "Unknown lands" (Parts Unknown). Note that this 18th century map depicts the California peninsula AS an ISLAND! That is, as we can see, European ships were not allowed here by the Horde even at the beginning of the 18th century. To Pugachev!

We see the same thing on the French map of 1688. See Figure 9.14. Here, the California Peninsula is also shown as an ISLAND! That is also wrong. What does this mean? A simple thing: the line of the west coast of North America is still UNKNOWN to Europeans. They are not allowed here. Therefore, they do not know that the California peninsula will join the mainland a little to the north.

Another card. See fig.9.15, fig.9.15(a). This is a French map dated 1656 or later, p.152,153. We see the same picture. The California Peninsula is drawn as an ISLAND. It is not right. In the northwest of America - a solid "white spot". We go further. Figure 9.16 and Figure 9.16(a) show a French map from 1634. Again we see that the American Northwest is sinking into a "white spot", and the California Peninsula is again incorrectly depicted as an ISLAND.

And so on. There are VERY MANY similar maps of the 17th-18th centuries. We cannot present here even a small part of them. The conclusion is this. Before the war with Pugachev in 1773-1775, that is, until the end of the 18th century, the western part of the North American continent belonged to Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk. Europeans were not allowed here. This circumstance was clearly reflected in the maps of that time. Cartographers drew here a "white spot" and a fantastic "island" of California. Of which they more or less represented only the southernmost part. By the way, the very name "California" is quite meaningful. Apparently at that time it simply meant "Kaliph's Land". According to historical reconstruction, the first Russian-Horde CALIPH was the great conqueror Batu Khan, known to us today also under the name Ivan "Kalita". He was one of the founders of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire.

In this regard, let us recall that medieval Japan, which at that time was apparently another fragment of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire, behaved similarly. Japan also kept foreigners out until the 1860s. This was probably a reflection of some general policy of local rulers. The kings-khans of these Horde-“Mongolian” states were hostile to the Europeans, as to the enemies of the former Great Empire, of which they still felt themselves to be a part. Apparently, there was a close connection between Japan and Moscow Tartaria until the end of the 18th century, and Japan "closed" only after the defeat of Moscow Tartaria in 1773-1775, that is, after the defeat of Pugachev.

Only at the end of the 19th century did European foreigners (the Dutch) enter Japan by force. As we can see, it was only at this time that the wave of the “progressive liberation process” came here.

Let's return to the maps of America, but this time to the maps of the alleged XV-XVI centuries. Let's see how the European cartographers of the supposedly 16th century depicted the same North America. Probably much worse than the cartographers of the XVII-XVIII centuries. It must be assumed that now we will see very meager data not only about the North American continent, but also about America in general. It turns out not! Today we are offered to assume that European cartographers supposedly imagined North America WHERE MORE ACCURATELY in the 16th century than the cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. Moreover, this amazing knowledge is not manifested in some little-known and forgotten cards. "Ahead" of their time by many decades, and then undeservedly "forgotten".

Far from it. North America is splendidly depicted on the famous 16th-century maps by Abraham Ortelius and Gerhard Mercator. Which, as historians assure us, were widely known both in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present these famous maps in Fig.9.17, Fig.9.17(a) and Fig.9.18, Fig.9.18(a). As we can see, these supposedly 16th century maps are MUCH BETTER AND MORE ACCURATE than the 18th century maps. They are even better than the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica map!

Did the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica at the end of the 18th century "fell into ignorance" after such brilliant maps of the supposedly 16th century? Please note that both Ortelius and Mercator are absolutely CORRECT in depicting the California Peninsula precisely as a PENINSULA. We see the same thing on the map of Hondius allegedly dated 1606. California is shown as a peninsula. See fig.9.19 and fig.9.19(a). Allegedly, at the very beginning of the 17th century, Hondius was already well versed in the true geography of America. He has no doubt that California is a peninsula. He confidently draws the Bering Strait. All along the WEST coast of North America, he knows many names of cities and places. There are no "unknown lands" here for him. He knows everything! And it happens allegedly in 1606.

They want to assure us that in a hundred years the European cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will FORGET all this information. And they will start, for example, WRONG to consider California an ISLAND! Isn't it strange?

Further, both Ortelius and Mercator, and Hondius and many other cartographers, allegedly of the 16th - early 17th centuries, already know that AMERICA IS SEPARATED FROM ASIA BY THE STRAIT. And historians tell us that later cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will “forget” all this. And only then, finally, will this strait be “re-opened”. As well as many other things on the map of North America.

So the picture is completely clear. All these brilliant maps of the alleged 16th century are forgeries of the 19th century. They were made in an era when volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica had long been on the shelves of European libraries. Something on the maps was drawn "under the antiquity." But in general, the outlines of the continents and many other important details were copied from the maps of the 19th century at hand. Drawn, of course, chic, rich. To be worthy of the "ancients". And to cost more. After all, "ancient authentic maps." Finally discovered in the dusty archives of Europe.

Let us now look at the map of Siberia in the 18th century. We have already shown one of these maps in Figure 9.20. On this map, all of Siberia beyond the Ural Range is called Great Tartaria. Now it becomes clear what this means. It means exactly what it says. Namely, that at that time there was still a Russian-Horde state under that name. Next, we give another map of the XVIII century. See fig.9.21(a), fig.9.21(b), fig.9.22. It was published in 1786 in Germany, in Nuremberg. On it, the inscription Russiya (Russland) is neatly bent so that in no case does it climb over the Ural Range. Although it could well have been drawn and straighter. What would be more natural if Siberia in the 18th century belonged to the Romanovs. And the whole of Siberia is divided on the map into two large states. The first is called the "State of Tobolsk" (Gouvernement Tobolsk). THIS NAME IS WRITTEN IN THE ENTIRE WESTERN SIBERIA. The second state is called the "State of Irkutsk" (Gouvernement Irkutzk). THIS SIGN GOES THROUGH EASTERN SIBERIA AND FURTHER NORTH TO SAKHALIN ISLAND.

OPTIONAL - " Great Tartaria - the stolen history of Rus'" -