How are ancient maps different? The origin of maps, ancient maps of Rus'. Perikop Tatars live on the lands of the Don Cossacks

Dry air and high temperature reduce the efficiency, mood and well-being of a person. Such a microclimate is especially dangerous for people with weakened immune systems and the elderly. Climate equipment can solve this problem, but not everyone can afford it because of the high cost. However, you can cool a room without air conditioning with the help of affordable means. They will give a temporary effect, but they can make life much easier during a period of unbearable heat.

We ventilate the rooms

In the summer it is useless to air the room after 9 a.m.

During the heat, it is highly recommended not to open all windows wide open, especially if the air temperature outside exceeds +30 ºС. Even if there is no cooling equipment in the house, the microclimatic conditions in it are much more comfortable than outside. If windows are opened during the summer heat, the room will heat up to the same temperature as on the street, and the person’s well-being will worsen.

The same applies to windows that are located on the shady side. It will not work to make the air in the house cooler due to the fact that all windows are closed on the sunny side and open in the shade, because in any case there will be an exchange of air masses, and it does not matter which side they entered the dwelling from.

You need to ventilate the apartment at night or early in the morning. The coolest time of the day is from 4 am to 7 pm.

Removing direct sunlight

The vast majority of the heat enters the room due to direct sunlight. To create a favorable microclimate, it is recommended to curtain all windows or lower the blinds. The denser the material of the curtains, the slower the apartment heats up. Of course, darkness spoils the mood, it is more pleasant to enjoy bright sunlight, but in this case you have to make a choice between comfort and personal preferences.

If the curtains on the windows are transparent and thin, you can use a special reflective film or foil. They are glued to the windows so that direct light does not enter the room. Foil can also be glued to walls - it will reflect heat and keep cool for a long time.

You can cope with ultraviolet radiation with the help of light filters.

An alternative to air conditioning in an apartment is energy-efficient windows with a polarized coating. They keep warm in winter and cool in summer. This option is suitable for those who are going to do overhaul or change windows.

We regulate humidity

Air washing scheme

Air humidity is a significant factor affecting the microclimate in the house. Hot dry air causes dizziness, nausea and fever, so it is wise to install a humidifier in the room. It will not completely replace the air conditioner, but it will help to significantly improve well-being. It can also be used in the autumn-winter period, since working batteries and other heating elements dry the air. A household humidifier must be purchased if there are children in the house.

Allergy sufferers and asthmatics benefit from moist air, as dust particles are nailed to the floor. This will help to avoid exacerbation of the disease. Another device suitable for this purpose is an air washer. It performs the following functions:

• humidifies the room;
• cleans from dust, all kinds of viruses and fungi;
• ionizes the air;
• fills the room with any chosen aroma.

When buying a humidifier or cleaning device, it is also necessary to regularly do wet cleaning, wash floors and take care of furniture.

Humidification and cooling of a house without an air conditioner is possible with the help of improvised means.

Hang a large sheet in a door or window opening, and lower the ends into a container of water. It will gradually get wet and evaporate, giving the room coolness. However, this method is only suitable for the shady side of the apartment. Otherwise, under the influence of direct sunlight, the sheet will dry very quickly. Humidity will be very high and the microclimate will feel like the tropics. As a result, breathing may be difficult. Excessive sweating will evaporate very slowly due to high humidity.

Cooling the room in the heat without air conditioning will help ordinary cold water. Arrange the containers around the room, fill the bath or just turn on the ice water. Cool air from the bathroom will be distributed throughout the apartment. Additionally, you can put ice cubes in the bowls and change them as needed. Such methods at the same time help to humidify the air.

Before going to bed, leave a bowl of cold water and napkins near the bed. If it gets too hot, wet your face, neck, and ears to make it easier to breathe.

A refrigerator can help you cope with the sweltering heat before bed. At the beginning of the day, put sheets, pillowcases, duvet covers in it. Make your bed in the evening. You should not immediately lie down on ice sheets, otherwise you can catch a cold.

Optimizing fan performance

In the summer, many people try to cool the air with a fan. Use it to keep your home cool and comfortable. This feeling is created due to the constant movement of air masses. During this process, the sweat glands, which are located in the human skin, secrete sweat. Due to ventilation, it evaporates and the person feels cool.

A fan cannot become an alternative to an air conditioner, but if you put it near your workplace or bed, then it will be much easier to endure a hot period. It is rational to place this device near a window or door. This method is relevant for those whose house is located on the sunny side: hot air will move from the apartment to the street.

From the fan, you can create a homemade cooler. Fill plastic bottles or other containers with water and place in the freezer for several hours. When the water freezes, place the bottles in front of the fan so that the air flow is directed precisely at them. After 10-15 minutes, the room will cool significantly. As the ice melts, the bottles should be changed.

Turn off household appliances

To feel comfortable at home, it is necessary to turn off all appliances that generate heat, if possible. Otherwise, even without this, a hot room will heat up additionally. Disconnect batteries and heated towel rails. They can be powered by electricity or hot water.

Each thermal or heating device generates up to 400 W of heat. This is enough to heat a small bathroom, so it is best to refuse them during the heat.

Electrical appliances also emit heat, albeit in a fairly small amount. Incandescent lamps are recommended to be replaced with energy-saving ones. Just 5 ordinary lamps can generate as much heat as one small radiator. Incandescent bulbs are uncomfortable in the heat and consume a lot of electricity, so replacing them is a great solution.

Hot air circulates much faster in a home than cold air. Close the door to the kitchen when cooking for a long time. If possible, during a period of abnormally high temperature, do not use the stove or kettle, cook food in the microwave.

To make it easier to endure the heat, it is recommended to remove everything unnecessary from the house: carpets, warm textiles, everything that traps heat. It is much more pleasant and comfortable to walk on linoleum or parquet in the summer.

Drink plenty of fluids. At the same time, it is important to take into account that ice water gives a deceptive effect. It is much easier to endure the heat by drinking hot tea, as it raises the body temperature and provokes sweating.

Avoid hot and heavy meals. Give preference to salads, okroshka, dairy products, fruits and vegetables.

During the peak of the heat, try to move less so as not to generate heat with your body. Wear light, loose clothing made from natural fabrics. Relief will bring a cool cloth wrapped around the head, wet wristbands.

In my youth, I loved board game The “Star of Africa”, the playing field in it was a map of the African continent, made in the ancient style: some monsters were depicted in the ocean, cities were also indicated by ancient buildings. Subsequently, I learned that such images were indeed applied to ancient maps. For example, a place where ships often disappeared was indicated by a drawing of an unknown animal (more often a leviathan), which should have warned the seafarers of antiquity.

ancient maps

The first map of the area that has come down to us is dated to the 7th millennium BC. e. It depicts a Neolithic village in present-day Turkey. Naturally, it is very primitive and schematic. The heyday of cartography falls on the era of the great geographical discoveries, when the map ceased to be a pleasant help, but became a necessity. Previously, maps were drawn by just one person, based on their own observations, often providing them with various drawings and notes that were not related to the issue. Therefore, their accuracy was questionable. The leaders in the field of mapping of that time were eastern navigators.

Until now, there are disputes about the Turkish map of Piri Reis with Antarctica depicted on it 300 years before its official discovery.

Modern cartography

Nowadays, many people work on mapping, from astronauts to professional artists. Now no one draws maps alone by hand, and everyone is busy with their own business:

The main difference modern maps from the ancients is their applied significance, i.e. they do not need to stand out with some special design and beauty, the main thing in them is accuracy and ease of use.

The history of the country is reflected in the maps that people began to make a long time ago. They depicted not only their state, but also their neighbors. The cards were labeled. Reading them, we learn the names of neighboring and distant countries. well traced state borders and much more.

What is depicted on ancient Russian maps? Why are they not given in the textbooks of Russian history? And if they do, then, as a rule, these are maps of the 18th-19th centuries. Of course, there are maps in textbooks, and there are many of them, but these maps are not ancient, but made by modern artists according to historians.

Let's search authentic ancient russians cards. We are not the first to do this. They were looked for before us in the 18th century by V. N. Tatishchev. Here is what he writes about the results of his searches.

“About the beginning in Rus' of geographical art or an exact description, I do not find anywhere, except that Nestor described the peoples who were before and at that time. According to him, the continuators of the chronicle remember the reigns, but everything that belongs to geography is very obscure and insufficient. Then Simon, Bishop of Suzdal, says: the great prince Konstantin the Wise described all the nations and borders, but it has not come down to us. According to him, Tsar John II (Ivan IV. - A. G.), about which in 1552 it is said that he ordered to measure the land and make a drawing of the state. However, this drawing is nowhere to be seen, except that in the Kazan archive for one Kazan possession, as I remember, it was made on 16 sheets without a scale, but signed from place to place by a mile (as we see, our ancestors understood the importance of maps, once versts put down. - A. G.). Only the book, called the Great Drawing, remained, and, I think, Macarius understands this drawing. It describes rivers, lakes, mountains and noble villages with a distance that was begun, seems to be under John the Great, and under his grandson Tsar John II and after under Tsar Alexy, it was supplemented, but under the latter much of it was damaged from dilapidation and the supplement could not correct everything, as there is no description of the Moscow river and other notables, and there are many obvious errors and prophets in it. However, although it is very necessary and useful for Russian geography, for this I explained it, supplemented it and attached the alphabetical painting.

Under Tsar Boris, a land map was made with satisfied art, and although it is not entirely serviceable, however, it shows a lot about the Eastern Tatars, which has not been found in any foreign map so far, especially Bukharia and the Aral Sea, which he calls Blue, quite decently made. Under him and during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, I found three different land maps of Siberia made by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the general Russian and several particular ones, all on one sheet of plain paper, and from the general one it is clear that someone understood the Latin language, because he put a lot of Latin words and divided by degrees. I found these land cards in Siberia with a nobleman in a book bound, as if wondrous weight, in 1739 I wanted to present to Her Imperial Majesty. Then, under Tsar Alexy, in 1664, the above-announced book Big Drawing was supplemented, nobly, for the composition of the land map (it seems that the drawing is not yet a map, but only a verbal description. - A. G.), which was created, we do not see. Witsen, the steward of Amsterdam, announced that it was carved and printed on a tree, except that, according to a test that was satisfied with me, no one appeared to see it printed, and although they say that it is in the Senate archive, only no one could find and show me " (Tatishchev, T. 1, p. 348).

Thus, in Russia they “didn’t like” geography, and if they did maps, they somehow disappeared into oblivion by themselves. And Peter the Great, so he ended up without maps of his own state. After all, the card is “wonderful things” and is found only in Siberia.

Maybe in Europe the situation with ancient maps was just as bad? Let's make a reservation, we are only interested in those ancient Western European maps that depict Russia. Here is a quote from Klyuchevsky's book, which speaks of the interest of foreigners in Russia. “Although it was known at the beginning of the 18th century that “these people are afraid to go to Russia, thinking that going there means going to the“ end of the world ”, that this country borders on the“ India ”. Meanwhile, at the same time that such ideas about Russia dominated in Western Europe, no other European country was so many times described in detail by travelers from Western Europe as distant Muscovy "" (Klyuchevsky, 1991. p. 5)

Indeed, there are many ancient descriptions and many maps about Russia and Muscovy. In Europe, books with maps of Russia and Tartaria are published with surprising regularity.

Let us list them (you can look them up on the Internet at http:// users . univer . omsk . su /~ guts / History /).

1 Mauro, Fra. Manuscript planisphere of 1460.

In particular, Russia is depicted (south - above, north - below; Tartaria in the Don region, Saray, Horde on the Volga, Gothia at the mouth of the Dnieper):

Rossia, Tartaria in Europe.

Another map from this atlas. On it is Russian Asia in 1460! Its name is Sarmatia (to the east of it - Tanguts). There is also Siberia on the map.

2. Giacamo Gastaldi. A map of Russia. Vienna, in a Latin edition of 1549.

3. Anthony Jenkenson. 1562. Russiae, Moscoviae et TartariaDescriptio.

Russia, Tartaria, including the Don region, cassac (Cossacks?) on the Irtysh (or Ob), which flows into Lake China (?)).

The information supplied on the map is based on the travels of Anthony Jenkinson who in 1557 and 1561 sought to open trade to Persia by way of northern Russia for England's Muscovy Company.Originally published in Ortelius's Atlas, this map was also included in Gerard de Jode's Speculum Orbis Terrarum.

4 Gerard Mercator 1595. Ukraine, Russia, Tartaria.

On the map, Tartaria is located on the lands of the Cossacks.

5. Isaac Massa. 1620. Russiae vulgo Moscovia, Pars Australis, Paris.

An area called Pole is highlighted above the Don River. On the map in point Z, Tartaria was here. Pole is also on the map of 1678, and the Tatars live a little higher.

From the Atlas of Johannes and Cornelius Blaeu. The figures at the bottom are dressed in furs, reflecting the contemporary interest in Russia as a fur-producing region.

6. Mercator. Russia. 1621. Avery early map of European Russia.

Tartaria on the Don, Gothia in Sweden.

7. Olearius, Adam 1669. A new map of Muscovy.

Perikop Tatars live on the lands of the Don Cossacks.

The voyages and travels of the ambassadors sent by Frederic Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia. London, For John Starkey and Thomas Basset, 1669.

Olearius was secretary to the embassy sent out by the duke of Holstein in 1633 to explore commercial opportunities in Persia and Russia. This map portraying much of the area traversed by the embassy, ​​showing western Russia from the Murmansk to the Black and Caspian Seas, the river systems being dominant features.

8. Coronelli, Vincenzo. 1690.

Siberia between the Volga and the Urals, Great Tartaria, Regno di Kasgak Chaizag (?)).

Atlante Veneto, nel quale si contiene la descrittione geografica, storica, sacra, profana, e politica. Venice, Domenico Padoueani, 1690. This map includes that part of Russia north of the Caspian Sea and somewhat to the east.

9. Zatta, Antoneo. 1779–85 Chinese Tartaria.

Zatta is not well known as a map publisher although his four-volume atlas contains 214 maps. They are distinguished more for their clarity and artistic quality than for originality. Two of the maps portraying Asiatic Russia including this one of Independent Tartary which was nominally a part of the Russian empire

Earth maps made 30,000,000 years ago
Why did ancient cartographers depict the continents as they were millions of years ago?

On ancient maps, Antarctica is depicted without ice, and the rest of the continents are in completely different positions than today. These are the famous 16th century maps of Piri Reis, Orontius Fineus, Hadji Ahmed and some others. Scientists tried to determine when on our planet there was such a position of the continents, according to geology? The results were so amazing that the scientific world is still silent about them: ancient maps depict the planet Earth 24-34 million years ago...

Map of Orontius (Orontius Finn). Paris, 1534-1536

How was this known? Because if you follow the theory that historians are now developing, the classical theory, then they could not know anything about it, and all this cannot be attributed to a coincidence. Trying to analyze the map of Antarctica by Orontius Feneus, well, they date it, as a rule, around the twentieth millennium BC. These are already non-scientific studies, these are studies that fall outside the category of official science. Naturally, as a geologist, I also could not ignore these maps. And, first of all, he began to ask such questions, why, for example, Antarctica is connected to South America? When did they separate? When was Antarctica completely free of ice and represented two islands? When did it become covered with ice in the central part? When did it have rivers? I found this answer in paleogeological, even more correctly, paleogeographic reconstructions that exist, and in paleoclimatic reconstructions, of which there are quite a lot, and also which show the location of the continent.

So, the separation of South America and Antarctica occurred, according to some sources, 24 million years ago, according to others 34 million years ago. Here, Antarctica in the form of two islands existed more than 30 million years ago. Antarctica without ice existed somewhere around 25, I don’t say the exact date, but I say approximately, approximately 25 million years ago. After 16 million years ago, the almost continuous glaciation of Antarctica began, and its contours were already very close, it was an icy continent, and 5 million years ago it was completely ice-bound and no longer differed from the modern one. Here's what the geological data says. So, if we consider that suddenly some ancient cartographers were not inspired by inspiration, then these were some sketches from earlier maps that somehow survived from that time 30 million years ago, 25 million years ago, when highly developed civilizations that these maps were. We read the same Mahabharata, we read the Rigveda, they talk about a certain race of space aliens headed by Vaishvanara, and in the book of Enoch these are the guards who descended to Earth and began to map the Earth.

Moreover, this is figuratively spelled out enough, that is, not only the Earth, but also the near-Earth spaces, that is, it is possible that these maps really existed from that time, and they are somehow after the catastrophes, after the floods that saved the Earth, in the same underground structures could survive and somehow fall into the hands of these medieval cartographers, who, most likely, did not use them, but simply redrawn them and made their geographical discoveries on the basis of these maps. But the maps were not entirely accurate, because the contours of the earth have changed during this time, although they have not changed significantly over 20 million years, they have changed, so errors have occurred, and sometimes discoveries are completely unforeseen. I, at least, think that this is a great example when work at the intersection of geology and folklore makes it possible to decipher these maps in this way, among other things.

In modern times, geographical maps are used by many people, especially schoolchildren. The distant ancient times were no exception, where there were also maps to help people navigate the areas. For example, the ancient maps of Rus' of the 9th-14th centuries show which territories were occupied by certain Slavic tribes. Also, maps of Rus' show where the specific principalities were located during the period of feudal fragmentation. In addition, the map of ancient Rus' indicated the directions of upcoming or completed military campaigns.

Briefly about the map, the history of occurrence

Modern maps are very different from each other. Some maps introduce you to a particular area, some depict reliefs, some show the names of continents, countries, cities. In addition to this, there are nautical charts, containing information about the bottom and coastlines, about obstacles for the navigator.

It is worth noting that the cards have a long history. Archaeologists found a schematic representation of a certain area on the rocks. Studies have shown that such cards relate to the life of primitive man. Ancient maps showed streams, paths, fields - everything that interested people of that time.

Of course, there were no inscriptions, because maps began to appear long before the invention of writing. But instead of inscriptions, people used special conventional signs. Also on the cards one could see drawings of animals, people, trees.

An interesting fact from history: Already in the 19th century, scientists from Russia tried to teach the representatives of the Marshall Islands to read and write, but they did not succeed. People didn't understand how letters could convey words and sentences. But at the same time, the inhabitants of these islands were well versed in the technique of drawing maps. Such maps have been made in this area since ancient times, passing this craft from generation to generation.

What did their map look like? The dried fibers of the leaves were taken, a lattice was woven from them. Shells were placed in the right places of the lattice. If we talk about the nodal points of the grid, then these intersections told about the currents in the ocean and the winds that constantly dominated there. The shells played the role of atolls and reefs.

It is worth noting that each card of this type was kept in strict confidence. They did not take their cards into the sea so that they would not be lost there. The inhabitants of the island kept all the information in their heads, and at the same time they kept the map on the shore.

Geographic maps, their creators

According to scientists, the first creator geographical map is Anaximander, the famous scientist of ancient Greece. He drew his first map in the 6th century BC. On his map, he depicted the planet as a flat circle that was surrounded on all sides by water. But the first map of Russia was called the Big Drawing. Scientists are sure that it was created in the 16th century. Unfortunately, this map, its drawings and additions did not reach us. Only an appendix has survived, which contained basic information about nature, roads, rivers, cities and defensive structures states.

It is worth noting that the map of ancient Rus' of the 9th century shows the borders of the state of that time, the main natural objects, and also introduces the neighbors of Rus'. Also, the ancient maps of Rus' are the subject of study in the lessons of geography and history, as they help to acquaint modern schoolchildren with the features of the life of their ancestors.

Video: Tartaria - the empire of the Rus (ancient maps of Rus')

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