Gambling in the 19th century. Gambling for children: benefit or harm? Card game concentration

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Our son probably got acquainted with dominoes and cards from the age of three, and at the age of seven he knew perfectly well how a straight flush differs from four of a kind. Say early? Harmful? Well, this is how to look. Playing "fool" with grandparents, for example, turned out to be very useful.

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Dominoes: studying the composition of the number

At some point, the son was fascinated by dominoes. And not childish, with pictures, but real bones. Thus we quickly mastered counting to six, the composition of the number. A little later, we learned to count points by adding points on the remaining dominoes.

Thus, by the time of entering the first grade, the child was well versed in the numbers of the first ten and could add up in his mind what was proposed for study in the second grade. And dominoes certainly contributed to this.

Playing dominoes is also a preparation for board games that use a cube. The child will easily navigate the number of moves and "by eye" evaluate who has the most points.

Another “pro” is the ability to remain calm during the game, follow the order of moves, make decisions quickly, respond with dignity to defeat and not make fun of the loser when he himself was the winner.

Scientists have found that gambling contributes to the development of fine motor skills, memory. The child learns to think logically and concentrate.

The first domino appeared in ancient China and India. Then the game had a slightly different look: there were no empty chips, doubles, 15 or 18 dots were drawn on some bones. In the XVIII century, this fun came to Italy and acquired modern look and rules.

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Now on sale you can find various options for children's dominoes (made of wood, plastic, cardboard). Play this exciting game Can kids, starting with 2-3 years. For the first acquaintance with the game, it is better to choose dominoes with recognizable patterns (vegetables, fruits, animals, geometric figures etc.), on which objects familiar to the baby replace a certain combination of dots. Dominoes with dots can be offered from 5-6 years old.

Card games: sclerosis in old age does not threaten us

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Does your child love card games? Not in my mom's phone, but with a real paper deck. Ours loves. Let's look for the positives.

In addition to the fact that playing cards is a great reason to have fun with grandpa, dad and other adult family members, there is something useful for the future schoolboy.

Best to start with simple games: "Drunkard", "Toilet", " Queen of Spades", "Fool". If you don't like the names - rename them in your own way, the essence of this will not change. Finding the rules is not a problem.

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A little later, you can teach your child to play solitaire and show card tricks.

Card games develop memory, observation, attention, teach you to calculate moves in advance, take risks, evaluate the plans of opponents. When playing cards, the child learns to distinguish between the denomination and the suit, quickly grasps that the nine, for example, beats everything that is less than it, and the ace is the most main character decks. So much for "more-less" - a first-class program. Sometimes, of course, the rules suggest the seniority of sixes over aces, but after all, in life, sometimes it’s not the one who is smarter who is right ...

After examining 500 people aged 75 to 85 years, scientists came to the conclusion that card games prevent the development of sclerosis and senile dementia! Like this!

Let's play cards with our grandparents. Not for money, of course, but "for interest."

By the way, if classic cards yet they don’t seem too childish to you, take a closer look at card board games (“Svintus”, “Colonialists”, “Kartkasson”, etc.).

Poker: psychology with a mathematical bias

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Poker is a game of strict logic, fine calculation and strong nerves. There is no need to sit at the monitor with bulging eyes, it is better to cover the dinner table with green cloth and get the whole family together for a game of real "live" poker.

For beginners, you can make a cheat sheet with combinations, and then - how the card falls.

The head of the association of British boarding schools, Christian Heinrich: “Pupils need to be able not only to play sport games and cook your own food, but it’s also good to know the rules of poker, because this intellectual game develops analytical thinking and self-control. Only poker can teach teenagers to adequately relate to difficulties, achieve their goals and be more restrained. The strategy and tactics of this game are very similar to the life model of a modern person.”

Poker develops all the same abilities as chess, but in terms of popularity, it will undoubtedly give odds to slightly old-fashioned pieces on a checkered board. Excitement! Luck! Hey!

The most important skill in poker is to learn to control yourself, your emotions. This is important in everyday life as well. It is also useful for children to learn to control emotions (especially negative ones), to behave with restraint in stressful situations, to show will and restraint. Equally important is the ability to plan your actions. Poker is poker, but in life, situations where you need to make a choice happen at every turn. Calculate in your mind, be responsible for your actions, analyze the situation, reason logically - that's what poker teaches.

Dear readers! Get the whole family together for a game of dominoes, cards or poker. You will definitely get a portion of positive and feel the warmth of live communication. Useful gambling to you!

Many games of chance have long been known in Russia, of which both the clergy and the government persecuted the game of cards. From the voivodeship orders of the 17th century, it can be seen that those who played cards were punished with a whip , and the cards themselves were ordered to be selected and burned.

At the beginning of the emperor's reign Alexander I the government is cracking down on gambling. By decrees, the St. Petersburg military governor-general of 1801 and Moscow, 1806, were ordered to have unremitting supervision so that there would be no gambling, refer the guilty to court and report their names to the emperor himself.

However, no prohibitions stopped lovers of risk and gambling and they continued to participate in (sometimes underground) games.

“A card game in Russia is often a touchstone and a measure of a person’s moral dignity,” wrote P. A. Vyazemsky in The Old Notebook. - "He is a pleasant player" - such praise is enough to favorably establish a person in society. Signs of a decline in a person's mental powers from illness, from age - are not always noticed in our conversation or in various fields of human activity; but if a player begins to forget the trump cards, he soon arouses the fears of his loved ones and the compassion of society. We have a card game of its own kind of wit and gaiety, its own humor with various sayings and jokes. One could write a curious book entitled The Physiology of a Deck of Cards.

Maps appeared in Russia already in the 16th century. along with the game of grain, that is, dice, and were already known at the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Peter I tried to fight against gambling: he decreed that in the army and navy it was forbidden to lose more than one ruble - at that time a lot of money. Catherine II issued a decree prohibiting the payment of card debts on promissory notes or giving money to pay such debts. Useless! They tried to “use the power”: in the house where the gambling was going on, servants of the law suddenly appeared and arrested all the players. About this, Bantysh-Kamensky wrote to Prince Kurakin: “We have a strong bust about gamble academics. Every day they bring them to Izmailov; this effect is in my eyes, for the governor lives near me. There are also ladies…” And a few days later: “Academicians of the gambler, seeing a strong supervision of themselves, many disappeared into the villages…”

Maps appeared in Russia already in the 16th century

gambling did not stop either under Paul or under Alexander I. Especially the cards spread among the guards regiments. They said that they used playing cards so much accumulated in the tavern that every day they were collected with shovels and taken away by wagons. It was not possible to stop the players, a contemporary argued: "Writing against the game is the same as writing against fortune." There was even a special jargon, which explained the players. F. Bulgarin recalled: “There was not a single German tavern or the so-called“ restaurant ”in Peterhof, and in Strelna there was only one tavern at the post station, where all the people gathered, who loved, as our colonel jokingly said ...“ to dry crystal and sweat on a sheet." Here was the permanent advice of the king of the Pharaoh, that is, they threw a bank here from one morning to the next!

Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky recalled what a big place the game of cards occupied in life: “Nowhere have cards come into such use as we have: in Russian life, cards are one of the immutable and inevitable elements. Everywhere, more or less, there is a passion for the game, but for the game of the so-called gambling. Passionate players were everywhere and always. Dramatic writers have brought this passion, with all its pernicious consequences, to the stage. The smartest people were fond of her. The famous French writer and orator, Benjamin Constant, was as passionate a player as he was a passionate tribune. Pushkin, during his stay in southern Russia, traveled somewhere several miles away to a ball, where he hoped to see the object of his then love. He arrived in the city before the ball, sat down to play and played all night until late in the morning, so he skipped all his money, and the ball, and his love.

Pharaoh

The meaning of the game "Pharaoh" is very simple. The hero of the story “The Life of a Player Described by Himself”, published in Moscow in 1826-1827, explains to a partner who did not know how to “put a card” like this: “It’s very simple,” I objected, “pull out at random some , put it on the table, and put as much money on it as you want. I will throw two piles from another deck; when a card like yours comes to my side, then I take your money; and when it falls on yours, then you will receive from me as much as you put on your card. The side of the banker is right, the side of the punter is left. To avoid cheating, for each game they printed out new deck. The deck relied on each player and banker. Experienced players opened the deck, sealed crosswise, with a special chic: they took the deck in their left hand, squeezed it tightly, so that the seal burst with a crack, then, with the gesture of a magician, they shuffled the cards, “pouring” the deck from the left hand to the right. By the way the player took the cards in his hands, the skill was immediately visible, his belonging to the clan of "friends".

Pharaoh was played at a square table covered with green cloth.

They played at a square table covered with green cloth, such tables were called card tables. Near each player lay chalk and a brush - with small ones right there, on the green cloth of the table, calculations were made, bets were recorded, the unnecessary was erased with a brush. There are stacks of gold coins near each player, lit candelabra on the table, night outside the window ... Such is the fantastic picture of the card game.

The used deck, after passing through one waist, or bullet, was thrown under the table - then the lackeys would collect the decks and sell them in their favor to the townspeople, for playing fools and other fun. Sometimes money fell under the table, along with the used cards - it was not customary to pick them up, it was considered bad form, and also out of superstition. They told a joke how Afanasy Fet, during a card game, bent down to pick up a banknote of small denomination that he had dropped, and Leo Tolstoy, his friend, having lit a hundred-dollar piece of paper at a candle, shone it for him to facilitate the search.

"Fly"

This game came to Russia from France and was extremely popular in the 18th century. Over the long years of its existence, the fly has been decorated with numerous options, which gives it a special charm. The number of players is from 3 to 7. If there are three players, they take a small deck - 32 cards. If there are four players, they take an average deck - 36 cards. With more players, a deck of 52 cards is used. Places are determined by lot - cards are drawn from a deck scattered like a fan on the table. The one who drew the lowest card deals first. If you suddenly happen to draw the same cards, you need to return them to the deck and drag the cards again. Each player is dealt five cards, dealt out one at a time, not all five at a time. The trump card is revealed by the dealer and places him in the middle of the table. The ace in each suit is the strongest card, and the ace of spades is called the fly. It has significant benefits. Each player keeps his own record. The player draws a line in front of him and writes the number 25 under it, from which he cheats throughout the game. In the 18th century fly, mentioned in the works of Derzhavin and Fonvizin, the game was played “in 30 poins” (a poin-chip in a certain, predetermined amount). On the green cloth of the card table, each player drew an arc, which he cut in the middle with a vertical. The left (from the vertical) side of the arc is marked with the letter B - it was assigned to enter bribes. The right side is marked with the letter P and denotes shafts. In the center of the arc, above the vertical, write the number 30 (or 25).

"Fly" came from France and was extremely popular in the XVIII century

Buy players in turn. The one who writes off the assigned number first wins. He wins for sure from each of the players. The winning number is written aside until the final settlement.

In addition to gambling, there were commercial games. The well-known writer Genlis wrote in her Critical and Systematic Dictionary of Court Etiquette: “Let us hope that the mistresses of the living rooms will show enough dignity not to tolerate gambling: it is more than enough to allow billiards and whist, which over the past ten to twelve years have become much more money games, approaching gambling and adding countless innovations that spoiled them. The venerable picket was the only one left untouched in its original purity - it is not for nothing that it is now in low esteem.

Whist, picket are commercial games built according to complex rules.

Whist

intellectual card game English origin. It remains popular in our time, and many of its features and rules have migrated to other card entertainment.

The game "Whist" is not as simple as it might seem to a beginner. It requires both observation, and quick reaction, and a trained memory. It is almost impossible to learn how to play Whist well in one game - it requires patience, attention and endless observation. These skills will develop gradually if a person sets himself the goal of learning to play Whist at the professional level.

The ideal number of whist players is four.

You need to learn how to memorize cards. It is very important to remember your partner's cards and guess them - in total, partners have 26 cards for two. This helps to make the system of hints developed by time, which will be discussed below.

The ideal number of players on whist is four. In case of a shortage of players, the so-called "doodles" are replaced: they put on the table open cards, which will replace the missing players. Conversely, with more players - five or six - in each robert, which consists of two games, one of the players must leave the game.

Players in such games could try to calculate their moves, develop a strategy, in a word, these games involved not so much excitement as the pleasure of the competition itself. The stakes in these games were low, and it was believed that it was impossible to lose in them. On the contrary, in gambling it is impossible to calculate anything. Vyazemsky wrote: “Such a game, a kind of battle for life and death, has its own excitement, its own drama, its own poetry. Whether this passion, this poetry, is good and noble is another question. One of these players used to say that after the pleasure of winning there is no greater pleasure than losing.

Picket

This is one of the old card games: the first mention of the picket is found in the French chronicles of 1390. However, a beautiful legend connects its appearance with the name of the French king Charles VII, whose reign was in the 17th century. The main event of one of the masquerades was the staging of Corneille's play "The Triumph of the Ladies". As was customary at that time, the play was decorated with a ballet, where a “live deck” was presented. Four jacks came first, followed by kings, queens, and the rest of the deck, divided into quarts of four suits in a row. As the ballet continued, the suits were intricately mixed up, making up various combinations. Piket played the title role in the performance. Groups symbolizing other games known at that time were attached to the jacks quadrille: billiards, dice, skittles and backgammon.

In Russia, this game became especially popular in the 18th century and was one of the favorite entertainments of Catherine II. At the end of the 19th century, picket was characterized as a “family, cabinet” game. Piket, in contrast to, say, rams, is contraindicated in “parlor talk”, it requires solitude and concentration, which characterizes it as a “mental” game. Naturally, the number “two” should be considered the most optimal number of picket players, and equivalence between partners is necessary. Picket is a game of equals.

"Stukolka"

The most popular ofcard commercial games, perhaps, is a stalk. It is simple and uncomplicated, its rules are easy to remember. He can play the knocker equally well and experienced player, and the player is a beginner, very little skill is required, the whole game is based on luck. However, there are such stalkers who play the game so cleverly and prudently that they rarely lose, and even then not much. It depends, first of all, as, indeed, in all commercial card games, on restraint and composure. When the card does not go, they do not risk, they go only to the right bribes. Let's assume that similar game will be boring and will not bring any benefits, but under this condition, the loss will be small. But if they are lucky, then they play boldly and risky, although again they take risks with a calculation: they know the time when to fold and when to buy. They take risks in a knocker when a player goes not with true bribes, but with dubious ones, in the hope that he will be lucky enough to take at least one bribe, but if the player, hoping for his luck, goes with nothing meaningful cards or buys in the first hand, then this is already called not a risk, but an absurdity.

The most popular of the commercial card games was "knocking"

The stakolka got its name, probably, from the fact that each participant announces his desire to play not with any conditional phrase, but with a light tap of his hand on the table.

There are several types of stalk: obligatory, with char, with a buy-in, with a train.

"Rams"

From the “fly” (but much simplified) originates rams, very popular in the Russian provinces of the 19th century, where it was condescendingly considered a “lady's game”.

Great game for beginners. “Rams is a favorite of travelers who play it when they meet at table d'hôte in pensions,” a handbook of the end of the previous century characterizes rams so idyllically. - It does not tire attention, the noise of friendly conversation does not harm its course. No skill is required from the player."

"Treset"

Treset came to Russia from the shores of foggy Albion. In England, at home, the game is called Three seven - three sevens. It is quite possible that the British themselves brought it to the banks of the Thames from the banks of the Ganges, where the colonists invented this new entertainment during the stay of the Prince of Wales in India (1876). During the stay of the Russian fleet in San Stefano, Russian officers often met with British naval officers. One of the results of such contacts was a card game that has taken root in our country under the name "semerik".

"Treset" was considered newfangled in 1878

This game was considered newfangled in Russia in 1878. In many public meetings, in St. Petersburg and Moscow English clubs (as well as in clubs in large provincial cities), semerik was played almost on a par with jumble and preference. In public life, the game penetrated with difficulty, due to its peculiar form, requiring the utmost attention.

Absolutely all manuals on the card game emphasize the "inconsistency" of the treset and the complexity of the mechanism of this game.

Double head (Doppelkopf)

Number of decks: 2
Number of cards in a deck: 24
Number of players:4 (two by two)
Card seniority:trump suit:♦ 9, ♦ K, ♦ 10, ♦ T, ♦ V, V, ♠V, ♣V, ♦ D, D, ♠D, ♣D, ten; club suit: ♣9, ♣K, ♣10, ♣T; spade suit: ♠9, ♠K, ♠10, ♠T; heart suit: 9, K, T.
Purpose of the game: complete an order and score a certain number of points.
Rules of the game. Extremely popular game in Germany, especially in its North. This game is played in tournaments and standard rules have been developed for this game, which we will write about below. There are many variants of the game, so when playing with other players, you need to carefully agree on the rules and all the nuances of the game. Played by 4 players pair by pair with alternating partnership. The aim of the game is to take tricks with cards for which points are awarded. The first dealer is chosen by lot, and in the remaining games, the next player in clockwise order becomes the dealer. The deck is carefully shuffled, removed at will and distributed equally among all players, that is, each player has 6 cards. After that, trading begins, which takes place in one round, where each player, starting with the dealer, chooses " normal game" or "pre-order". If a normal game is chosen by all players, then the drawing of cards begins. If at least one of the players has chosen a pre-order, then those players who have chosen a pre-order choose one of the types of this order from junior to senior: "marriage" , "poor game", "solo" The player who offers a senior order and plays his game. Below we will explain what games and pre-orders mean.

Normal game- a game in which players have queens of clubs become partners. If one player has two queens of clubs, then he alone plays against the other three players.
Marriage- in marriage, the player who announced it must win the first 3 tricks, and then look whether to take a partner or not. If he takes the partner, then the player who wins the fourth trick becomes the partner.
Poor game- it is usually declared by a player who has 3 or less trump cards. This player, having declared it, having won the order, chooses his 3 best cards, puts them closed in front of him and the player who wants to become a partner of this player takes them for himself and gives his 3 any cards in return. If no one wants to become a partner of the player who announced the poor game, then the cards of all players are added to the deck and re-surrendered and a new trade begins.
Solo- a game that is played alone against three other players who play as a team. There are 4 types of solo play:
1. Trump solo - a solo game consisting of trump cards of diamonds;
2. Queen solo - a solo game consisting of trump queens;
3. Jacks solo - a solo game consisting of trump jacks;
4. No-trump solo - a solo game where there are no trump cards.

After the type of game is determined. The draw of cards (bribes) begins. The trick consists of four cards. The first move belongs to the player to the left of the dealer. This player can enter from his any card, each next player must put one card of the same suit, if there is no card of this suit, then you can put your any card. It is worth noting that if the first player put a trump card, then all other players are required to put trump cards, trump cards of a different suit can be. The player who puts the highest card of the four laid out takes these cards (bribe) for himself and begins the draw with his new move following maps(bribes).
The team that has the queens of clubs is called the Re team, and their opponents are called the Counter team. The main goal of the Re team is to score at least 121 points in cards in tricks. The main goal of the Counter team is to score at least 120 points. A member of the Re team may declare "Re" at any time while the team has 11 or more cards in hand, which entitles this team to score not 121 points, but 120 points to win. This announcement can be made at any time during the game, the main thing must be the number of cards allowed for this. If one of the teams fails to make 90 points or less, then a certain bonus can be received for the other team. For this announcement, the points must have the following number of cards in hand:
90 points - 10 cards or more;
60 points - 9 cards or more;
30 points - 8 cards or more;
Schwartz - 7 or more cards.
This announcement can only be made after the announcement of Re or Contra.
The score is kept on a special sheet, where a regular table with columns of players is drawn, where the total number of points for a given player is written. Points with each game are added and written below in a vertical column.
There are a few more points in the game that add extra points:
1. Catching a Fox- partners who capture a trick that contains the opponents' ace of diamonds, gives 1 extra point;
2. Charlie Miller- winning by a player of the last trick with the jack of clubs, gives one additional point if this player with a partner won the game;
3. Double head (Doppelkopf)- winning a trick, where all 4 cards are tens and aces, give one extra point.
"Catch the Fox" and "Charlie Miller" do not count in solo play.
Note. The above describes the basic rules of the game, which are translated from of English language. What is not clear is the bonus that players receive for declaring a game with a lower score.

Tournament play

Tournaments, as a rule, take place in several rounds, usually 24, where 20 normal hands and 4 mandatory solos are played when playing with four players, if there are five players, then there are not 4, but 5 mandatory solos. Each player during the game chooses when to play a normal game, and which solo to choose.

Game Options

1. Second laid out 10 wins if both are laid out in the same trick. Sometimes players agree that this rule will only apply to the last trick.
2. If several players want to play solo, then the player at the end of the auction can declare 90 points.
3. Sometimes all nines are removed and played with two decks of 40 cards.
4. Often, Re and Contra are double-scored in the game, and do not add 2 points.
5. Player with especially bad cards may annul the game and order a new deal of cards.
6. Some variants of the poor game: aces of diamonds do not count as a trump card; trump cards cannot be transferred back during the exchange; in some games, it is forbidden for everyone to choose a poor game.
7. Partnership options in Hochzeit: partnership is not determined by the trump card that led to the bribe; if the first 3 tricks are trumps or the player won from margin, then he plays alone.
8. The number of cards that must be for the announcement is 12.
9. Announcements can only be made when it is your turn to play.
10. There is one extra point when taking10.
11. When playing with 40 cards, one extra point is given for a trick consisting of all hearts (2 aces and 2 kings).
12. The solo king is resolved by analogy with the solo queen and jack, but with four trump kings.
13. Schweinchen (pigs): this may be declared by a player with two aces of diamonds or hearts before the start of the game; some play so that after two aces of diamonds, Hyperschweinchen (hyper pigs) is announced, where the player has two nines of diamonds.
14. Genscher - the player who has kings of diamonds, playing the first of them, he announces Genscher and chooses a new partner, most likely one who has already scored a lot of points. If the player with the kings belongs to the Re team, then this player joins the Re team, and the previous player of this team belongs to the Counter team. The obligations of these teams remain.
15. Doppelkopf - trick, contains 40 or more points, which contains 2 pairs of identical cards.
16. All solo contracts are doubled.
17. If several players want to play solo, then the last one in the bidding has priority.
18. For taking the last trick with the "capture of the fox" 2 additional points are awarded. Sometimes 2 points are also awarded for taking the first trick with the "capture of the fox".
19. If the last trick from Charlie is not taken, but taken by the opponents, then there is no penalty for this.
20. Bockrounds - when double points are awarded for a certain trick in a game, it can be a situation when: the trick contains only hearts (when playing with 40 cards); each team has 120 card points; the Re team announced Re and lost; the Contra team declared Contra and lost.
21. Partnership is determined by two queens of diamonds.
22. Kings of diamonds are the highest trumps. Tens of diamonds are placed between kings of diamonds and aces of diamonds.
23. The one who plays solo makes the first move, after which the dealer immediately goes.
24. A trump solo and an ace solo are not allowed.
25. 10 is not considered a trump card, but is regular card with hearts.
26. Zwingen - if the first trick has 30 or more points, then the winner can say Re or Double.
27. Schwarze Cay - A player who ends a trick with the second Queen of Spades, then plays alone.