Russian Federation on a contour map. How to fill out contour maps. Technical requirements for contour maps
Instruction
In some schools, modern information has long been used, including in lessons or history. And this means that the school computer must be installed on the computer. geographic information system, which also has a map editor. However, most schools still use the traditional method of filling in contour maps, that is, the outlines of countries are drawn on paper.
If it is necessary to fill out a contour map, but the student does not have the map itself, it can be done. Can be found desired card on the training site and on the printer. You can also use the old fashioned way. Take any printed card and attach it to the window glass, for example, with tape. Lay a sheet of thin paper (not necessarily thin - plain printer paper is fine) on top of the card and trace around with a pencil, pen, or marker.
After receiving the contour map, carefully read the teacher's assignment. What exactly needs to be marked on it? The contour map is usually not filled in all at once. There may be a task to designate rivers, cities, state borders, places of major historical events or the movement of troops. Repeat conventions.
Compare the outlines of the territory depicted on the contour map with the usual geographical map. Even if the task is small and only a few objects need to be plotted, you need to orient yourself on the map. Determine where the main mountains and rivers are. This can be done using a grid of coordinates, which is mandatory on all geographical maps. What is not set can not be designated, but it is necessary to represent where these objects are located.
Mark the desired objects with a pencil. If this is normal homework, check your notations with those in the atlas. If you are doing a control task, remember the material from the textbook. You need to know at least the approximate coordinates of the place you designate, as well as large objects nearby. If you know all this, then there will be no serious mistake, even if you place a mountain or city a little inaccurately.
First mark the mountain ranges with a thin pencil. Check out the location with the atlas. After that, you can paint over them. Depending on the task, they can either be shaded with a simple pencil, or painted in the appropriate colors. The same must be done with the territories of states. Try to use the same colors that are used on printed cards.
We hope that contour maps will help you in studying such an interesting subject as geography. When completing any tasks, you can use a school textbook and a geographical atlas, but this does not mean that you need to redraw the maps of the atlas in detail, perform only specific tasks. In order to make your work easier, each map has already been marked with a part of geographical objects. This will help you orient yourself faster by completing the tasks that are indicated on the contour map, and the tasks offered by the teacher additionally.
FRANCE.
1. Sign the countries with which France borders.
2. Using symbols, show deposits of mineral resources.
3. Mark the nuclear power plant in France on the contour map. Remember what percentage of the total amount of electricity generated in France at nuclear power plants.
4. Show industry specialization major cities France. Write a story about the sights of Paris.
5. Compare the agricultural specialization of the northern and southern regions of France. Show the main differences on the contour map.
6. Highlight cities - major ports.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Geography, grade 10, Contour maps, 2015 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- Geography, Grades 10-11, Economic and social geography of the world, Regional characteristics of the world, Part 2, Domogatskikh E.M., Alekseevskiy N.I., 2008
- Contour maps, Geography, grades 10-11, Kartasheva T.A., Pavlova E.S., 2019
- Economic and social geography of the world, Grade 10, Tarasenko N.G., Pokintelitsa L.M., 2005
- Geography, Economic and social geography of the world, grades 10-11, Basic and advanced levels, Methodological guide, Bakhchieva O.A., Khabibullin R.Kh., 2016
Contour map- a special type of blank geographical maps containing elements of a geographical basis and a coordinate grid, designed for students to complete educational tasks in geography, history and astronomy; only the contours of countries, the main objects, processes or phenomena are plotted on such maps. They allow you to complete tasks by applying symbols.
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Contour maps are intended for use with an educational atlas (usually it is published as a set with contour maps) and a school textbook. Working on contour maps makes it possible to better remember information, develop attention and logic. Contribute to the memorization of cartographic content. Making a contour map requires accuracy and accuracy, compliance with a number of rules. A methodology has been developed for students to work with contour maps.
Contour maps are also used in work with students, however, it goes through maps intended for high school or created by university teachers for conducting classes with their students. Large publishing houses do not issue contour maps for higher educational institutions.
Contour maps in Russia
In the 20s of the 19th century, the forerunners of modern contour maps first appeared in Russian educational cartography. They were called "silent maps" (lat. carta geografica muta), they were educational geographical maps without designation of names, which were required to be inscribed by hand.
The first such collection was the Educational Atlas, consisting of silent geographical maps (it was published in St. Petersburg in 1829). At the end of the preface to the atlas, it was stated: “These sheets were compiled by the head of the Main Engineering School researcher P. Maksimovich…”. Maksimovich Pavel Petrovich was a district inspector of the St. Petersburg educational district, a member of the Academic Committee of the Ministry of Public Education. In the "Geographic Sheets" to this atlas, it was carefully indicated that Maksimovich placed "only those subjects that seemed decent to the School Administration when teaching Geography." In 2013, this collection was one of the main exhibits at the exhibition “From the History of Russian Educational Cartography” (Russian State Library, Pashkov House, Reading Room of the Department of Cartographic Publications).
Educational cartography developed at the beginning of the 20th century, when, along with the widespread use wall maps"notebook-atlases" were published, which included silent maps. Despite this, at the beginning of the 20th century, especially in the provinces, contour maps were still perceived with distrust by students. This is discussed in Yakub Kolas’s novel “On Rostani”, the action of which takes place on the eve of the First Russian Revolution. A young teacher Andrei Lobanovich, who has just graduated from a teacher's seminary, arrives in a remote village. Lobanovich is trying not to be limited to the school curriculum. He wants to make his students think, hoping that it will change their lives. Here he encounters serious difficulties, including a sharply negative perception of contour maps by students:
“The pupils of the Verkhansk school were frightened by a silent geographical map - they never had such a thing. Minich spoke on behalf of his comrades, declaring that the silent map was unfamiliar to them and that it could harm them in the geography exam. Teachers from other schools approved of Lobanovich's act, and that was the end of the dumb card affair."
Yakub Kolas. On growths. P. 95. RuLit.
Contour maps were widely used in the Soviet period, especially after the Great Patriotic War. A major role in their popularization was played by the article by A. I. Strazhev “Locality in the study of history. Historical Mapping in the Classroom and at Home, published in Teaching History in Schools .
The problem of using contour maps in teaching history and methods of working with it was subsequently raised in the scientific works of G. I. Goder, M. V. Vorozheykina, M. T. Studenikin, A. A. Vagin, in teaching geography - in the articles of Kovalenko T. AT . A series of articles on this issue was published by A. A. Bogdanova. Zhuchkevich V. A. devoted a monograph to the problem of using a contour map in the process of teaching geography. A methodology has been developed for contour map for the blind and in a correctional school.
By the early 1990s, contour maps in the minds of the layman began to be identified with the work of a teacher of history and geography. Aleksey Venediktov, editor-in-chief of the Ekho Moscow radio station, talks about this time when he combined the work of a teacher and a journalist:
“I remember such a brilliant story. They called me with other reporters to Yeltsin, we came to him, but he was not there, he was late. We are sitting and waiting ... And I have the fifth grade, Greek wars, contour maps, I need to check - tomorrow the topic is closed. I take these cards out of my briefcase and start checking them with a red pencil. The people are freaking out! And the journalists, who also came to Yeltsin, got bored and said: give it to us, we will also check! I won't give it to you, you don't know a damn thing, but these are all marks. And you give us a fiver, and we are on the pattern. Correctly! He handed out the cards... And then Boris Nikolaevich came in, looked, and the people were sitting and correcting the cards with red pencils. He asks: "Is this sho?" Right now, Boris Nikolaevich, 9 pieces are left.
Currently, there is a cautious and sometimes persistent doubt about the usefulness of the traditional approach to performing contour maps:
“...the benefits of routine contour mapping exercises (“find...”, “sign...”, “apply...”) are debatable. They train only observation and visual memory (and even then they rather do not train, but check, control) and in this sense do not contribute to the development of a young person any more than identifying a partner caught by touch when playing blind man's blind man. The contour map is a tool for chiselling and controlling the chiseliness of a real map. Working with a contour map does little to develop the actual geographical outlook, spatial thinking, understanding of the map and the real territory.
Rogachev S. V. The space of Russia: A lesson in understanding the map. Geography. No. 1. 1999. S. 1, 7-10.
Electronic blank maps and atlases have appeared, combining the properties of a contour map, animation and multimedia tools, which have not yet been widely used in high school. Research in the field of multimedia blank cartography is carried out by: Lissitzky D.V., Komissarova E.V., Vilkov A.Yu., Katsko S.Yu.
Notes
- According to the book: Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Moscow: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A.P. Gorkina. 2006.
- Handbook of technical translator. Intent. 2009-2013: contour map - educational blank silent map.
- Akhiev S. N., Savinov A. A., Churekova N. B. Guidelines for working with contour maps in history ancient rome. Saratov. 2013.
- Simakova O. A. Work with conditional-graphic materials as a form independent work of history students. Materials international scientific-practical conference. Minsk, 16-17 November 2006 Mn.: BGU. 2006. S. 55-60.
- Koshcheeva G.S. Cartography with the basics of topography. Training and metodology complex. Tyumen State University. 2014.
- Molokina T. S. Development educational multifunctional card. Thesis for competition of academic degree candidate technical sciences. Novosibirsk. 2015.
- Kuzmina M. A. Russian and Italian adjective metaphorization in a comparative aspect. Electronic library dissertations.
- Maksimovich, Pavel Petrovich (1796-1888). Geographical sheets that serve as an explanation for the Educational Atlas, consisting of silent maps, were compiled at the Main Engineering School. St. Petersburg: in printing house N. Grecha, 1829. 127 S.; 8° (23 cm).
V. L. Markov, S. V. Zhukova, M. A. Sedelkin,
methodologists of the City Methodological Center
Knowledge of the map and the ability to work with it in modern world not less important,
than knowledge of grammar and mathematics.
1. Contour maps are called contour maps because they show only the general outlines of geographical objects. The contour map is the basis for performing practical work by geography. The contour map is usually not filled in all at once.
2. When starting to work with a contour map, carefully read the teacher's assignment. What exactly needs to be marked? Repeat the legend on the topic of the assignment.
3. Tasks are performed using materials from a school textbook, school atlas maps and other additional sources of information recommended by the teacher.
4. Getting started, prepare sharply sharpened pencils and colored pencils, which are necessary for completing the teacher's assignments.
5. Any card must have a title that is signed at the top of the card. It should be clear and concise, and relevant to the topic being studied. Do not confuse the name of your map with the name of the map template.
6. Compare the outline of the area depicted on the contour map with a regular geographical map to get your bearings. Determine where the main mountains and rivers are.
7. Think about the order in which the designation of objects should be done so that they do not cover or interfere with each other.
8. Determine the symbols that you will use, mark them in a specially designated place on the map.9. All objects depicted on the map must be reflected in the legend (in legend), including shading (colors), hatching, icons, footnotes, etc. The map legend must contain a decoding of any color designation.
10. Geographical objects, the names of which do not fit on the contour map, can be indicated by off-scale signs (numbers, letters), and their names are signed in conventional signs.
11. Texts and names of geographical objects must be legible. Write the names of rivers, mountains and cities clearly, in block type.
12. Orography objects (relief elements) are applied in black, hydrography (water bodies) - in blue.
13. It is necessary to perform only the proposed tasks. Avoid putting "extra information" on the contour map. The mark for correctly executed work on the proposed tasks can be reduced if extra information is added to the work.
14. Depending on the task, objects can either be shaded with a simple pencil or painted in the appropriate colors. Try to use the same colors that are used on printed maps (see maps in the atlas).
15. Painting over the objects necessary to complete the tasks is done only with colored pencils. Never use felt-tip pens and markers!
16. Each landform has its own color scheme, which corresponds to the scale of heights and depths of the atlas.
17. For the correct drawing of the names of geographical objects on the contour map, one should be guided by the degree grid: the name of geographical objects must be written along the lines of the degree grid, which will help to complete the task more accurately.
18. The names of small objects on the scale of the map used, for example, volcanoes or mountain peaks, should preferably be placed to the right of the object itself, along the parallel.
19. The names of linear features, such as mountains, rivers or currents, should be placed in length so that they can be read without turning the card over.
20. The names of areal objects should not go beyond the boundaries of the object. The exceptions are small objects. In this case, the inscription can be located next to this object or a link can be given in the form of a number, which is deciphered in the map legend (for example, on the map: the number 1 is on the object; and in the legend the decoding is given: 1 - Lake Ilmen).
21. If you designate an areal object, for example, a plain or a sea, then remember that the boundaries of these objects are not outlined with lines. The inscription of the name shows the territory of the plain or the water area of the sea.
22. There should be a system in conventional signs. Stick to the cartographic tradition in filling out maps.
23. The contour map is handed over to the geography teacher in a timely manner at the specified time.
Note
Do not use paint to fill the contour map. Usually contour maps are made on paper that absorbs water very poorly. In addition, errors on colored maps are more difficult to correct.
When evaluating the quality of the proposed tasks, the teacher takes into account not only the correctness and accuracy of the tasks, but also the accuracy of their implementation. An inaccurate completed task can lead to a lower assessment of your work.
Note to the teacher
For all types of contour maps intended for practical exercises students in order to consolidate knowledge of geography and history in the scope of programs educational institutions, technical conditions are distributed in accordance with the norms of the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia (since June 15, 2003).
Technical requirements to contour maps
1. Published contour maps must meet the requirements of technical specifications and be issued in three forms: separate sheets, in the form of a brochure, sewn into educational atlases.
2. Outline maps are printed in one color on writing paper No. 1 (GOST 18510-73), offset paper (GOST 9094-83), imported writing or cartographic paper weighing 70–100 g/m2.
3. For the covers of contour maps issued in the form of brochures, cartographic paper (GOST 1339-79) or coated paper (GOST 21444-75 weighing 80-100 g / m 2) should be used. It is allowed to use other types of paper for covers, including writing paper.
4. On contour maps, printing of all elements should be ensured; there should be no torn or crushed places on cartographic image.
5. The paint on the entire cartographic image must be printed in an even, dense layer. The image should be clearly and without difficulty to read in all details.
6. All lines, strokes and dots must be clear, with sharp, unblurred edges that are not crushed when printed.
7. The text on the contour map must be clear, free of smudges and dirt. Fonts must comply with state rules and regulations (SanPiN 2.4.7.702-98).
8. On the contour maps there should be no mechanical damage, wrinkles, oil stains and specks with an area of more than 0.5 mm 2.
9. Contour maps issued as separate sheets must be evenly cut, have margins of at least 10 mm.
10. The workmanship of the cover of contour maps and appearance brochures are defined visually.
More information about the standard can be found on the portal of regulatory documents ().
